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Table of Content

    25 December 2021, Volume 43 Issue 12 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    A Driver-like Decision-making Method for Longitudinal Autonomous Driving Based on DDPG
    Zhenhai Gao,Xiangtong Yan,Fei Gao,Tianjun Sun
    2021, 43 (12):  1737-1744.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.001
    Abstract ( 364 )   HTML ( 38 )   PDF (2687KB) ( 556 )   Save

    The decision-making layer of vehicle longitudinal autonomous driving decides the ideal action instruction according to the current motion state of the vehicle and environmental information. At present, how to consider the behavior of human drivers in autonomous driving decision-making strategies has become a hotspot. In longitudinal autonomous driving decision-making strategies, traditional rule-based decision-making strategies are difficult to be applied to complex scenarios. Current decision-making methods use reinforcement learning and deep reinforcement learning to construct reward functions designed with safety, comfort, and economy formulas. The obtained decision-making strategy still has a big gap compared with that of the human driver. To solve the above problems, this paper uses driver data to design a reward function by BP neural network, and uses DDPG algorithm to establish a driver-like longitudinal autonomous driving decision-making method. Finally, the effectiveness of the method and the consistency with the driver's behavior are verified by simulation tests.

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    Lateral Coupling Model of Automatic Platooning Based on Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
    Xiujing Gao,Yulin Ma,Sugimachi Toshiyuki,Hongwu Huang
    2021, 43 (12):  1745-1751.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.002
    Abstract ( 176 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2259KB) ( 253 )   Save

    In order to improve the lateral coupling of automatic platooning, a lateral coupling model of automatic platooning based on vehicle to vehicle communication and real-time position of the preceding vehicle is proposed. Firstly, using the cubic uniform B-spline curve to interpolate and smooth the path of the preceding vehicle to establish the target path of the following vehicle. Secondly, the global exploration theory is used to design the exploration method of the target path point. Then, the speed vector of the following vehicle is calculated by judging the target range of the following vehicle real-time position. Finally, a lateral error model including lateral position error and lateral angle error is established. Experimental method is designed by Matlab/Simulink and the real vehicle experiments are carried out. The results show that the target path generated by the proposed method is highly consistent with the real-time path of the preceding vehicle and the lateral position error and lateral angle error are highly consistent, smoother and more stable. The research results provide a theoretical basis and empirical method for the high coupling upper input of automatic platooning lateral control strategy.

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    Research on Improved Artificial Potential Field Path Planning Integrating Prediction of Preceding Vehicle Trajectory
    Xiaojian Wu,Dong Yan,Aichun Wang,Juhua Huang,Lei Wu,Bing Zhou
    2021, 43 (12):  1752-1761.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.003
    Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (3569KB) ( 666 )   Save

    The collision avoidance path planning of artificial potential field algorithm in moving scene rarely considers the timing coupling effect with the future trajectory of the preceding vehicle, and basically regards the preceding vehicle in every planning cycle as static. A quasi-dynamic path planning is thereby carried out through the rolling update of different planning cycles, resulting in unreasonable and poor consistency of the planned path. In this paper, the prediction trajectory of the preceding vehicle is accordingly integrated into the intelligent vehicle path planning process through time-series coupling correlation. First, the attraction field and repulsion field models of the improved artificial potential field algorithm are constructed, and the position of the preceding vehicle in the repulsion field is proposed to be dynamically updated according to its prediction value in each planning cycle. Then a long-term prediction algorithm for the trajectory of the preceding vehicle by combining cluster recognition of driving intention and discrete optimization, and a short-term prediction algorithm for the trajectory of the preceding vehicle by combining cluster recognition of kinematics model and unscented Kalman filter algorithm are proposed. Subsequently, the weighted fusion is performed through the Sigmoid function to complete the prediction of the trajectory of the preceding vehicle. Finally, simulation results in scenarios such as driving out a high way and cutting in by adjacent vehicle indicate that, compared with the traditional APF algorithm, the proposed improved artificial potential field dynamic path planning algorithm can obtain more reasonable and consistent planning results.

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    Research on Curb Detection and Tracking Method Based on Adaptive Multi-feature Fusion
    Wuhua Jiang,Songlin Zhou,Qidong Wang,Wuwei Chen,Jiajia Chen
    2021, 43 (12):  1762-1770.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.004
    Abstract ( 189 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (3211KB) ( 418 )   Save

    For reducing the false detection and miss detection in the process of curb detection, a novel curb detection and tracking method is proposed with 3D-LIDAR as sensor. Firstly, the point cloud is preprocessed, and a distance-based filter is used to filter the interference points in the original point cloud, that affect feature extraction, are filtered by a distance-based filter to enhance the extraction accuracy of curb points. For the filtered point cloud, the ground segmentation method with ground plane segment-wise fitting is used to extract the ground point cloud. Then, an adaptive multi-feature fusion algorithm for curb point extraction is designed by using the spatial features of curbs i.e. height difference, smoothness and angle threshold. Next, aiming at the problem of partial curb loss caused by obstacles, the Rao-Blackwellized particle filter tracker is used to track and predict the curb points. Finally, the method is applied to the multi-condition experiments of the unmanned sanitation vehicle, and the results show that the method can accurately detect the road boundary information, and effectively reduce the false detection and missing detection of curb points.

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    Intelligent Vehicle Path Tracking Control Based on Complex Curvature Variation
    Jun Liang,Fangbo Zhu,Yingfeng Cai,Xiaobo Chen,Long Chen
    2021, 43 (12):  1771-1779.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.005
    Abstract ( 247 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (3216KB) ( 302 )   Save

    For the problem of weak adaptability to complex curvature changing conditions in the path tracking of intelligent vehicle, a control method based on RBF neural network compensation of model prediction is proposed. Firstly, the three-degree-of-freedom intelligent vehicle dynamics model is used as the prediction model. Then the state transition error model is obtained by analyzing the linear time-varying equations. The adaptive compensation for error by the RBF neural network is realized to ensure the accuracy of the control and improve the path tracking accuracy. Finally, the complex path curvature changing condition including straight line segment, serpentine segment and double-shift line segment is constructed based on the China Smart Car Competition track. The path tracking performance of the control method in high-speed environment is verified on the semi-real vehicle simulation platform. The results show that the maximum trajectory tracking error is within the range of 0.285 m, and the maximum lateral acceleration is 0.329 9 m/s2, which ensures the accuracy and stability of the path tracking.

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    The Safety Development and Validation of Child Safety Seat Under the Condition of Misuse
    Xiangwen Song,Meng Zou,Shucai Xu,Binbing Huang
    2021, 43 (12):  1780-1786.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.006
    Abstract ( 126 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3161KB) ( 214 )   Save

    The top tether strap is one of the anti-reversal devices of ISOFIX type child safety seat (CSS), and its misuse will reduce the protective performance of CSS. According to the requirements of the dynamic test with anti-reversal device does not function provisioned in GB27887—2011, the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP)for CSS is proposed to strengthen the protection of children in the condition of the misuse of top tether strap in frontal crash.Both computer simulation and sled collision test are conducted on the Q-series dummy for 3-years-old child (Q3) to compare the injury of child dummy on the CSS of CFRP and the CSS of common plastics in the condition of the misuse of top tether strap. The results of test show that in the condition of the misuse of top tether strap,compared with the CSS of common plastics,the maximum forward displacement of Q3 dummy’s headwith the CSS of CFRP reduces by 18.49% and the chest acceleration of Q3 dummy lowers by 2.71%, strengthening the protection of children.

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    High-accuracy Accident Reconstruction and Injury Analysis Based on Genetic Algorithm
    Chengming Wang,Ying Fan,Donghua Zou,Jinming Wang,Zhengdong Li,Yijiu Chen,Liangwei Zhong
    2021, 43 (12):  1787-1792.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.007
    Abstract ( 139 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2067KB) ( 360 )   Save

    In order to enhance the reconstruction accuracy of traffic accidents, the risk of pedestrian craniocerebral injury is analyzed,the multi-rigid-body model for accident vehicle is built based on 3D laser scanning technology, and the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimal approximate solution. A coupled model is set up with optimization software ISIGHT and multi-rigid-body dynamics software MADYMO and the kinematic response of the human-vehicle collision is accurately reconstructed. Finally, finite element dummy model THUMS is adopted to predict the risk of craniocerebral injury. The results show that the reverse reconstruction of accident vehicle has a good result, the optimized human-vehicle kinematic behaviors are consistent with that in surveillance video, and the injury position and injury situation of dummy's head completely agree with the injury report.

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    Evaluation of Head and Neck Injuries of a Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures During a MPDB Crash Test
    Haiyan Li,Yanxin Wang,Lijuan He,Lü Wenle,Shihai Cui
    2021, 43 (12):  1793-1799.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.008
    Abstract ( 113 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2550KB) ( 241 )   Save

    In this paper, threevalidated finite element models for 6-year-old child with different sitting posturesand having detailed anatomical structures are established, on which the deceleration curve of a SUVobtained in a crash test against mobile progressive deformable barrier (MPDB) with 50% overlap is applied to investigate the effects of sitting postures on the injury severity of the head and neck of a 6-year-old child by comparing his kinematic parameters of head and neck and biomechanical parameters of brain tissue under different sitting postures. The results show that in MPDB collision condition, head rotation load is the main cause of head injury and the increase of sitting posture angle will lead to the increase of the risk of brain tissue inertia injury without the rise of neck injury risk.

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    Research on Optimization of Protective Effect of One-Piece Active Airbag for School Bus
    Ruhai Ge,Kexin Huang,Chaoyang Cai,Yaozhi Gu,Yuhang Chen
    2021, 43 (12):  1800-1805.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.009
    Abstract ( 99 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1100KB) ( 131 )   Save

    For the protection of the 6-year-old child occupant of the school bus, based on the original school bus active airbag model, a one-piece active airbag model is established to improve the protection effect on the children with biased position. Based on MADYMO, the school bus occupant restraint system is established, and the validity of the one-piece airbag is simulated and the single factor analysis of the airbag parameters is carried out. According to the five sensitive factors, a series of parameters of the one-piece airbag are optimized by orthogonal test. The simulation optimization results show that the evaluation index of complete injury of the children in biased position after the optimization is reduced by 35.1% compared with the single-type airbag. The injury index for double and single occupancy increases by 8.5% and 13.1% but the value is still much smaller than the specification limit. This further improves the protection performance for children in a biased position in the case that the normal ride protection meets the standard.

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    Study on Magnetorheological-fluid Bio-inspired Thin-walled Energy-absorbing Tube and Its Crashworthiness Controllability
    Xiangyu Cheng,Zhonghao Bai,Binhui Jiang,Feng Zhu,Clifford C. Chou
    2021, 43 (12):  1806-1816.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.010
    Abstract ( 104 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (2229KB) ( 248 )   Save

    In order to overcome the traditional thin-walled tubes’ shortcomings of constant crashworthiness and poor environmental adaptability, a conception of magnetorheological bionic energy-absorbing element (MBEE) is proposed, which is inspired by the structure of horsetailand can be applied to the design of thin-walled tube. The theoretical modelfor the energy-absorption of magnetorheological bionicelement and the theoretical formulae of energy absorbing controllability are established and a simulation is conducted on the MBEE with certain size. The results show that in the condition of certain size and compression, the differences of the energy-absorption amount of magnetorheological fluid and solid structure predicted by fluid-solid coupling and solid structure simulations and theoretical values are 3.49% and 2.16% respectively. The energy absorbingcontrollability of MBEEreduces with the increase of compressed length, which can be as high as 27.73% at most and can still be 12.29% at 67% of compressed length. The controllability value predicted by simulationis highly consistent with theoretical value. Finally, the MBEE with certain size is filled into the traditional 9-cell thin-walled tubefor simulation with a result indicating that compared with 9-cell thin-walled tube, the total energy-absorption amount of the thin-walled tube filled with MBEE increases by 293.7%, andthe specific energy absorption of solid structure rises by 62.54% with the maximum controllability reaching 22.44%.

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    Mechanical Modeling and Experimental Study of Inerter-Based Oil-Gas Suspension
    Fu Du,Yijie Chen,Yiqiang Wan,Wei Nie,Mengyan Xu
    2021, 43 (12):  1817-1824.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.011
    Abstract ( 179 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3886KB) ( 242 )   Save

    For meeting the requirements of wheeled armored vehicle on high mobility and cross country performance, a technical scheme of integrating ball screw inerter and double cylinder oil-gas spring is proposed to construct an inerter-oil-gas suspension device. By analyzing the generation mechanism of elastic force, damping force and inertia force in that suspension device, the coupling relationship between parameters are revealed, with three independent key structural parameters extracted. By adopting orthogonal experiment method, combined with nonlinear dynamic simulation on inerter-based suspension system, the optimal values of three key structural parameters mentioned above are determined. The results of mechanical characteristics test and 1/4 suspension test show that compared with traditional oil-gas suspension, the vibration acceleration of the vehicle body with inerter-based suspension reduces by 13.89%, greatly enhancing the ride comfort of vehicle.

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    Prediction of the Remaining Life of Lithium-ion Battery Based on Discharge Process
    Nenglian Feng,Junjie Wang,Jiawang Yong
    2021, 43 (12):  1825-1831.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.012
    Abstract ( 148 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1781KB) ( 235 )   Save

    In view of the difficulty of capacity measurement and low accuracy in predicting remaining life of lithium-ion battery, a predictionmethod of the remaining life of lithium-ion battery based on discharge process is proposed. Firstly, the discharge time for a specific voltage interval of lithium-ion battery is extracted as the health factor. Then, bidirectional extreme learning machine is constructed as the prediction model of battery remaining life. Finally, the accuracy of the prediction method is verified based on the experimental data of lithium-ion battery. The results show that the model can accurately predict the remaining life of battery, and has smaller error and faster convergence speed compared with the common extreme learning machine model and BP neural network model.

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    Research on Axle Modulator Control Method Based on Pilot Chamber Pressure Estimation
    Dongsheng Sun,Junzhi Zhang,Chengkun He,Hanyang Hu,Weilong Liu
    2021, 43 (12):  1832-1839.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.013
    Abstract ( 129 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2705KB) ( 196 )   Save

    The technological development trend of intelligent and electrified commercial vehicles puts forward higher requirements for the pressure dynamic control effect of its braking system. Overshoot in the pressure control process can easily cause frequent switching of control modes, which ultimately affects the braking safety of the vehicle. This paper takes the new generation of axle modulator as the research object, focuses on the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of its pilot chamber pressure and brake chamber pressure, and proposes a multi-mode pressure tracking control method based on the rapid pressure build-up characteristics of the pilot chamber. This method tracks and controls the brake chamber pressure according to the pressure state in the pilot chamber when the system needs to be rapidly pressurized, thus effectively avoiding the problem that the response speed and control accuracy of the traditional PID controller are difficult to balance. This paper first uses Matlab/Simulink to model the system, focusing on the analysis of the dynamic relationship between the pressure of the pilot chamber and the pressure of the brake chamber. Secondly, a multi-mode pressure tracking control method of axle modulator based on pilot chamber pressure estimation is proposed. Finally, the model verification test and pressure tracking test are completed through the hardware-in-the-loop test bench based on dSPACE. The test results verify the effectiveness of the control method proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional PID controller, the control method proposed in this paper effectively improves the pressure tracking dynamic control effect, and it is convenient for engineering application.

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    Feature Identification of Aerodynamic Noise Source in Vehicle Rearview Mirror-A Pillar Area
    Yigang Wang,Sian Zhao,Hao Zhang,Zhigang Yang
    2021, 43 (12):  1840-1847.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.014
    Abstract ( 139 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2033KB) ( 293 )   Save

    This paper aims to identify the features of aerodynamic noise source in rearview mirror–A pillar area. Firstly, on the basis of the theory of vortex sound, and utilizing the acoustic feature that the vehicle aerodynamic noise source is mainly the dipole sound source, the aerodynamic sound source is equivalent to innumerable micro-spherical sound sources. Then, using the relationship between sound radiation and the physical quantities of flow field, combined with aerodynamic numerical simulation technology, an identification method of dipole sound sources is established, and the aerodynamic noise source in rearview mirror-A-pillar area is identified. Finally, based on the relationship between physical quantities and the sound source, the generation mechanism of the dipole sound source is revealed. The results show that the main dipole sound source in rear-view mirror-A-pillar area appears on the ridgelines and turning positions of the component’s surface, the intense change of physical quantities with space is the main reason of the generation of aerodynamic sound source, the vorticity ω is the main contributor to the intensity of sound source, but the angle θ between vorticity and velocity also has certain effects on the intensity of sound source.

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    Experimental and Simulation Research on the Influence of Wheels on Vehicle Aerodynamic Performance
    Chao Ren,Haibo Wu,Qian Chen
    2021, 43 (12):  1848-1857.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.015
    Abstract ( 224 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (6021KB) ( 365 )   Save

    Based on the wind tunnel test of a type of car, the influence of 5 different tires and 3 rims on the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle and their interaction are studied, and the PIV (Particle Imaging Velocimetry) is used to measure and compare the flow field near the wheels. The results show that the difference of drag and lift coefficient among tires with different tread patterns is up to 0.003 and 0.026 respectively, and the difference varies with the rim design. Then the deformation of different tires under rotation is measured by the image recognition, in order to reproduce the correct tire geometry for simulation and calculation. By comparing the results of simulation and test, the reasons for the difference of aerodynamic performance caused by tires with different tread patterns are analyzed, which provides guidance for the wheel aerodynamics development.

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    Study on Predictive Models for Door Slamming Sound Quality of an Electric Vehicle
    Zhe Liu,Yunkai Gao,Furong Xie
    2021, 43 (12):  1858-1864.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.016
    Abstract ( 141 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1979KB) ( 215 )   Save

    In view of that the sound quality of vehicle door slamming noise directly affects the purchase intention of customer, the predictive models for the door slamming sound quality of an electric vehicle are studied in this paper. Firstly, a multi-condition door slamming test is carried out with several groups of noise samples near driver’s ear collected. Then, six objective sound quality evaluation indicators are proposed and measured, meanwhile the subjective evaluation on the degree of annoyance is conducted, with the correlation between objective sound quality evaluation indicators and subjective annoyance evaluation analyzed. Next, a subjective sound quality predictive model is created by using GA-BP neural network on one hand, while a multiple linear regression predictive model, reflecting the relationship between subjective annoyance and objective sound quality indicators is established based on the correlation analysis mentioned above on the other hand. Finally, by utilizing five random noise samples, a comparative verification on two predictive models is performed. The results show that the prediction accuracy of GA-BP neural network is higher than that of multiple linear regression model.

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    Vertical Force Estimation Algorithm of Intelligent Tires Based on Physical Model
    Guolin Wang,Tong Han,Haichao Zhou,Junjie Ding
    2021, 43 (12):  1865-1870.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.017
    Abstract ( 115 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (777KB) ( 243 )   Save

    Vertical force plays an important role in vehicle control and it is also an important parameter of intelligent tires. This paper proposes a vertical force estimation algorithm combining sensor with the physical model. According to the characteristics of the acceleration curve, the relationship between the acceleration signal of the inner liner and the contact angle of the tire is analyzed. The contact angle estimation algorithm is verified by finite simulation. The relationship between the contact angle and vertical force is established by the ring model and the correctness is verified by the tire test. The finite element is used to simulate the intelligent tire and the predicted value of the vertical force and the simulation value are compared. The results show that the method combining the sensor with the tire model can quickly and accurately estimate the vertical force.

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    Application of Functional Architecture in Electrical Electronics Architecture Development
    Zhaohui Fu,Huayang Wang
    2021, 43 (12):  1871-1880.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.12.018
    Abstract ( 215 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (6905KB) ( 252 )   Save

    In the era of vehicle defined by software, function experiences change every day. The signal -oriented architecture development mode can not meet the expectations of users for rapid function delivery, and is gradually replaced by service-oriented architecture. In this paper, the relationship between the key elements of the function-oriented architecture development process i.e. function, system and component is discussed and the modeling method and practice based on function architecture at the system level are proposed.At the same time, combined with the development practice of Geely Automobile, the organization of the function-oriented development mode is proposed. It is suggested that the system engineer should be responsible for the modeling of the function architecture at the system level and promote the implementation. Finally, the importance of functional architecture in service-oriented architecture and agile development process is prospected.

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