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A Method for Predicting Frontal Crash Grade Hongbin Tang,Junyuan Zhang,Guojun Liu Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (3): 392-398.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.03.011 Abstract （1066）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （2820KB）（33109）       Knowledge map    Through the statistics and summing-up of real frontal crash test data in NHTA and IIHS and analytical solving， an evaluation method for the impact waveform and intrusion in 100% overlap frontal rigid barrier （FRB） crash and 50% overlap moveable progressive deformable barrier （MPDB） offset crash evaluated by C-NCAP， and frontal small overlap barrier （SOB） offset crash evaluated by C-IASI （China insurance automobile safety index） is established， which can lay down a good foundation for the matching of occupant restraint system and provide assurance for vehicles to obtain excellent star grade. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key Technologies to Ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality for Intelligent Vehicles Wenbo Shao,Jun Li,Yuxin Zhang,Hong Wang Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (9): 1289-1304.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.09.001 Abstract （734）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （3585KB）（9634）       Knowledge map    The limitations on performance， insufficient specifications or reasonably foreseeable misuse lead to the issues related to the safety of the intended functionality （SOTIF） emerging one after another， seriously hindering the rapid development of intelligent vehicles. This paper focuses on the key technologies to ensure the SOTIF， and systematically summarizes the related state of art of research from system development， functional improvement， and operation three phases. Finally， the research prospect is foreseen from the perspectives of basic theory， risk prevention and update mechanism. The review can provide an important reference for the research on the safety of the intended functionality for intelligent vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation and Prediction of A-Pillar and Rear-viewMirror Induced Vehicle Interior Aerodynamic Noise Tang Rongjiang, Hu Binfei, Zhang Miao, Lu Zengjun, Xiao Fei, Lai Fan Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (4): 522-530.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.04.015 Abstract （793）      PDF（pc） （3787KB）（4007）       Knowledge map    Aiming at the issue of front window and interior aerodynamic noise caused by rear-view mirror, the numerical simulation of exterior rear-view mirror region and prediction of interior noise in a commercial vehicle are studied by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The SST(Menter)k-ω model in RANS model is used for steady-state analysis, and the detached eddy simulation based on the SST(Menter)k-ω model is used for transient analysis. By analyzing the nephograms of steady static pressure and transient dynamic pressure, velocity and vorticity, the mechanism of turbulent pressure fluctuation of side window caused by A-pillar and rear-view mirror is revealed, meanwhile the transient flow field is solved to obtain the surface turbulent pressure fluctuation load on two side windows. Acoustic FEM method is adopted to calculate the propagation of aerodynamic noise with the turbulent pressure fluctuation on window surface as boundary condition. Based on the distribution law of sound pressure level nephogram of interior acoustic space at different frequencies, it is indicated that the interior aerodynamic noise is mainly concentrated in the middle and low frequency ranges and the maximum distribution region of sound pressure level, and the sound pressure level curve at driver's left ear exhibits the variation law of the sound pressure level in the frequency range of 20-2 500 Hz. Finally, a real vehicle coasting road test is conducted, verifying the conclusion that the aerodynamic noise is more apparent at the speed range of 80-110 km/h. The adoption of CFD technique combined with acoustic FEM can relatively accurately predict the sound pressure level of interior aerodynamic noise at the frequency range of 100-2 500 Hz, providing technical schemes of simulation and test for optimizing rear-view mirror and reducing cabin aerodynamic noise Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Key Technologies for Autonomous Vehicle Test Scenario Construction Xiangyang Xu,Wenhao Hu,Honglei Dong,Yan Wang,Lingyun Xiao,Penghui Li Automotive Engineering    2021, 43 (4): 610-619.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.04.019 Abstract （1175）   HTML （86）    PDF（pc） （1499KB）（2261）       Knowledge map    For autonomous vehicle test scenarios construction， this paper firstly makes a comparative analysis of the existing scenario definition and architecture， and proposes that test scenarios should cover a total of 10 layers of information of scene elements and test elements. Secondly， a method system of scenario construction including direct construction of concrete scenario， mining and deduction of typical logical scenario and reconstruction and derivation of specific scenario is summarized and proposed. Thirdly， from the three dimensions of single segment test， combined segment test and integrated traffic flow test， the main virtual scenario test application methods are systematically sorted out. Finally， the research prospect is presented from the perspective of method chain and tool chain of scenario construction. The research results of the review will provide reference for the testing and evaluation of autonomous vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Review and Prospect of the Modeling of Alkaline Water Electrolysis System for Hydrogen Production Yangyang Li,Xintao Deng,Junjie Gu,Tao Zhang,Bin Guo,Fuyuan Yang,Minggao Ouyang Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (4): 567-582.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.012 Abstract （1103）   HTML （80）    PDF（pc） （4913KB）（2100）       Knowledge map    The status quo and prospect of the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production are summed up in this paper with the focus on its modeling. Firstly， various ways of water electrolysis for hydrogen production are comparatively analyzed with the status quo of alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production emphatically expounded： the technology of hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis has the features of low investment cost， long service life and large scale and is an important means to achieve the carbon peak target at current stage. Then， in the aspect of modeling for the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production， the influencing mechanisms of the energy consumption and gas purity of electrolytic cell as well as the temperature and system control are quantitatively analyzed. This study provides theoretical and technical supports for the development of hydrogen production technology by alkaline water electrolysis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on Design Principles for Electric Drive Assembly Mounts of Pure Electric VehiclesKang Qiang, Gu Pengyun, Zuo Shuguang Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (11): 1235-1242.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.011.002 Abstract （1535）      PDF（pc） （6630KB）（2077）       Knowledge map    Different from the mechanical noise and the combustion noise of low-frequency order ignition in internal combustion engine, the noise of electric drive assembly in electric vehicles is mainly the high-frequency whistling generated by electromagnetic force and gear meshing. Noise below 2000-2500 Hz of electric drive assembly propagates into vehicle cabin mainly through structural paths. In view of the high torque of the driving motor of electric vehicles, the vibration isolation performance of electric drive assembly mounts should be as high as possible while ensuring their torsion resistant performance. In this paper, the powertrain vibration characteristics of electric vehicle and traditional fuel vehicle as well as the angular displacement around transverse axis and forces of mounts in different mount layout schemes are compared, and the main factors affecting the vibration isolation rates of electric drive assembly are analyzed. Finally, the general design principles for the drive assembly mounts of electric vehicle are summarized. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Adaptive Capacity Estimation Scheme for Lithium-ion Battery Basedon Voltage Characteristic Points in Constant-current Charging Curve Lai Xin, Qin Chao, Zheng Yuejiu, Han Xuebing    2019, 41 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.01.001 Abstract （2568）      PDF（pc） （2252KB）（1862）       Knowledge map    To improve the online capacity estimation accuracy of lithium-ion batteries, an adaptive capacity estimation scheme combining the online capacity identification based on the features of a few charging curves with Arrhenius capacity decay model is proposed. In view of the seldom situations of complete charging in battery electric vehicles, an online capacity identification scheme based on voltage characteristic points of constant-current charging curves is put forward. The scheme uses genetic algorithm to optimize the voltage characteristic points of the scaled and translated charging curves first and then online identify the present capacity of the battery by monitoring the constant-current charging data regarding the two fixed voltage characteristic points. For further enhancing the accuracy of online capacity estimation, an incremental PID algorithm is used to fuse the online capacity estimation and Arrhenius model to perform the closed-loop correction of model parameters. Finally, the results of cycle life experiment under alternating temperature condition show that the maximum estimation error of the proposed adaptive estimation scheme is less than 2%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloud Control System for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles and Its Application Li Keqiang, Chang Xueyang, Li Jiawen, Xu Qing, Gao Bolin, Pan Jian Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (12): 1595-1605.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.12.001 Abstract （1688）      PDF（pc） （3499KB）（1845）       Knowledge map    In this paper, the concept of cloud control system for intelligent and connected vehicles is proposed based on the theory of cyber-physical system (CPS). The system uses the new generation of information and communication technologies to integrate the physical layer, cyber layer and application layer of human, vehicles, road infrastructures and cloud for integrated perception, decision-making and control to realize comprehensive improvement of vehicles and traffic safety and efficiency. Based on the introduction of the system architecture, working principle and key technologies, integrated perception technology on edge cloud and vehicle control technology under time-varying delay are studied. Furthermore, a cloud control system for real road is developed. Simulation and field test results verify the performance of cloud computing, integrated perception, decision-making, and connected control of the proposed system, which demonstrates its feasibility and superiority in application Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on Active Collision Avoidance Control of Autonomous Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control Ren Yue, Zheng Ling, Zhang Wei, Yang Wei , Xiong Zhoubing Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (4): 404-410.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.04.007 Abstract （799）      PDF（pc） （1987KB）（1651）       Knowledge map    Aiming at the problem of steering collision avoidance for autonomous vehicle, a hierarchical control method for collision avoidance is proposed. In upper-layer controller for path planning, the artificial potential field function is introduced based on vehicle kinematic model and the relative state between vehicle and obstacle is used to describe the collision risk of vehicle. While in bottom-layer controller for path tracking, the nonlinear kinetic model of vehicle and the path tracking optimization function based on optimal steering wheel angle input are established to achieve local collision avoidance path tracking. Finally Carsim/Matlab joint simulation platform is constructed to simulate the collision avoidance path planning and tracking effects of controlled vehicle under different speeds and road conditions. The results show that the upper controller can plan local collision avoidance path real time according to obstacle information, while the bottom-layer controller can control the vehicle to smoothly and stably track reference path, hence fulfilling the active collision avoidance function of vehicle. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on Power-torque-efficiency Three-parameter Matching Method for Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric SystemZeng Xiaohua, Wang Zhenwei, Song Dafeng, Ba Te, Yang Nannan, Chen Huiyong, Wang Yinshu    2018, 40 (10): 1125-1131.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2018.010.001 Abstract （814）      PDF（pc） （1019KB）（1644）       Knowledge map    A three parameter (power, torque and efficiency) matching method is proposed for series-parallel hybrid electric system. With consideration of the configuration features and power performance design requirements of series-parallel hybrid electric system and taking maximizing system efficiency as objective, the method uses the preset control algorithm to predict the distribution of target operating points and energy demand of power sources, with the selection of key components of the whole system determined. The validity of the matching method proposed is verified by CRUISE / Simulink modeling and simulation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Control of Unmanned Distributed Driven Vehicles Path Tracking and Stability Chen Te, Chen Long, Xu Xing, Cai Yingfeng & Jiang Haobin Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (10): 1109-1116.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.010.001 Abstract （1242）      PDF（pc） （2974KB）（1592）       Knowledge map    In order to investigate the multi-objective control problem of path following effect and vehicle stability in the path following process of unmanned vehicles, an integrated path following and stability control strategy of unmanned distributed driven vehicle is proposed in this paper using the hierarchical control theory. The vehicle dynamics model and path tracking model are established and the upper layer controller is designed using the sliding mode control method to reduce the course deviation and lateral deviation in the course of path tracking and ensure the stability of the vehicle itself. In the lower layer controller, a four-wheel-tire-force optimal allocation method is presented, which can achieve the orientated control allocation of four wheel tire forces according to the control demand of upper layer controller and the stability degree of vehicle yaw and roll. The co-simulation model is established based on CarSim and Simulink and the simulation verification is carried out. The results show that, the proposed integrated control strategy can effectively control the course deviation and lateral deviation in vehicle path tracking and ensure vehicle roll and lateral stability Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Tracking Method for Intelligent Vehicles Based on Tracking-error Model Pan Shiju, Li Hua, Su Zhiyuan & Xu Youchun Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (9): 1021-1027.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.09.006 Abstract （493）      PDF（pc） （1400KB）（1572）       Knowledge map    In order to improve intelligent vehicle trajectory tracking accuracy, a trajectory tracking method based on linear time-varying model predictive control is proposed based on vehicle dynamics model. The method linearizes and discretizes the nonlinear tracking-error model of vehicle dynamics as the predictive model of the controller. The objective function of the system control increment is established with the constraints of the state, control and control increment designed. Then the objective function is solved by the quadratic programming problem with constraints and the first control volume of the optimal sequence is applied to the system. The experimental results show that the maximum lateral error is less than 0.52 m and the maximum heading error is less than 0.067 rad when the vehicle speed is less than 15 m/s under double lane-changing conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis on Challenge and Development Trend of Safety Management Technologies for Traction Battery in New Energy Vehicles Wang Zhenpo, Yuan Changgui, Li Xiaoyu Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (12): 1606-1620.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.12.002 Abstract （1040）      PDF（pc） （1831KB）（1453）       Knowledge map    The safety management of traction battery is important means to ensure the safe operation of new energy vehicles, which directly affects the durability and reliability of vehicle. In this paper,three aspects, i.e. the safety concept, key technologies and futural development trend of traction battery are reviewed, in which the key technologies of battery safety including the mechanism and control measures of thermal runaway and protective structures are expounded respectively, with their achievements and inadequacies comparatively analyzed. Finally aiming at the challenges the current safety management of traction battery faces, the development trend of battery safety management in the future is given -- from mechanism analysis to system design optimization and from passive safety protection to active safety prediction Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on SOH Estimation Method Based on SOC-OCV Curve Characteristics Liu Yixin, Zhang Di, Li Xue & Han Zhiqiang Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (10): 1158-1163.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.010.008 Abstract （1151）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（1410）       Knowledge map    State of health (SOH) is one of the state parameters in lithium-ion battery management system, which affects the accuracy of state of charge (SOC) and state of power (SOF) . In this paper, a new SOH estimation method is proposed from the thermodynamic perspective by tracing the evolution law of the SOC-OCV curve characteristics. In this paper, the relationship between SOH and SOC-OCV curve characteristic parameters is constructed and the accuracy of the proposed SOH estimation method is verified using the experimental data of the cycle life of the lithium ion battery with ternary lithium manganate composite as the positive electrode. The experimental results show that the SOH estimation accuracy is within ±1.5% while SOH declines from 100% to 50% Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Optimal Field-weakening Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Electric Vehicles Lin Cheng, Xing Jilei, Huang Zhuoran, Cheng Xingqun    2018, 40 (11): 1346-1353.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2018.011.014 Abstract （310）      PDF（pc） （1665KB）（1407）       Knowledge map    In this paper, a field-weakening control strategy for electric vehicles is proposed with torque control as objective. The characteristic curves of the peak torque and switching torque of motor are obtained by off-line calculation. On this basis and based on feedback speed and target torque, the field-weakened working points in d-q coordinates of motor are constantly updated and move within the region with the curve of the ratio of peak torque over current, current limit circle and the curve of the ratio of peak torque over voltage as boundaries. As a result, the torque response speed and operating efficiency of motor under complex working conditions are enhanced. Simulation with Matlab/Simulink verifies the feasibility of the control strategy proposed and the improvement of vehicle performance Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Technical System of Software Defined Vehicles Tianchuang Meng,Jiaxing Li,Jin Huang,Diange Yang,Zhihua Zhong Automotive Engineering    2021, 43 (4): 459-468.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.04.002 Abstract （834）   HTML （81）    PDF（pc） （3397KB）（1331）       Knowledge map    At present， intelligent vehicle has become the strategic development direction of the global automotive industry. The core of automotive technology and engineering is shifting from traditional hardware layer to software layer. Software defined vehicle （SDV） has become an important trend of automotive development in future. By comparing SDV with traditional vehicle， the development， the physical structure and the cyber structure as well as the technical system of SDV are proposed in this paper. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Multi-vehicle Coordinated Lane Change Strategy Under Network Conditions Liu Zhiqiang, Han Jingwen, Ni Jie Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (3): 299-306.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.03.004 Abstract （916）      PDF（pc） （2881KB）（1284）       Knowledge map    To enhance the safety, stability and efficiency in lane change, a multi-vehicle coordinated lane change strategy under the condition of intelligent network connection is proposed in this paper. The feasibility of coordinated lane change is judged by establishing a gain function based on incentive model. Based on model predictive control, a multi-objective optimization control function for coordinated lane change is built to realize distributed control in lane change process. For overcoming the difficulty in solving optimal control function, caused by the high-dimension of collision avoidance constraint and the nonlinearity of vehicle kinematics, a two-stage coordinated lane change framework is proposed, which divides the lane change process into sparse longitudinal distance phase and lane change phase. The rolling horizon optimization algorithm is adopted to solve the optimization control problem step by step. Finally, a Matlab/Simulink co-simulation is conducted based on US NGSIM open source traffic flow data, verifying the feasibility and correctness of the strategy proposed Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Takeover Safety Evaluation Model for Level 3 Automated Vehicles Lin Qingfeng, Wang Zhaojie, Lu Guangquan Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (11): 1258-1264.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.011.005 Abstract （1188）      PDF（pc） （1966KB）（1252）       Knowledge map    To evaluate the safety of takeover in Level 3 automated vehicles, the takeover scenario on a two-way six-lane highway is designed to conduct driving simulation experiments based on driving simulator. Drivers carry out the secondary tasks in vision all along during automated driving. The secondary tasks are watching arrowhead charts with three different-degrees of difficulty and the takeover scenario is that ago vehicle comes across a broken-down vehicle in front on the same lane, with a take-over request time of 7 s and an automated vehicle speed of 110 km/h. A total of 49 testees (30 males, 19 females) are recruited for experiment with an average age of 31.06 years (standard deviation: 7.10 years). After the vehicle sends auditory and visual request signals for takeover, testee should push the switch button on steering wheel to take back vehicle control. Bivariate logistic regression is used to build the evaluation model for takeover safety, with the group of minimum TTC taken as dependent variable: minimum TTC ≤ 1s is set as dangerous group and minimum TTC > 1s is set as safe group. The results show that in the condition of 7s takeover request time, the factors affecting takeover safety are takeover reaction time and secondary task, and the prediction accuracy of the takeover safety evaluation model built reaches 85.5%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lane‑change Behavior Decision‑making of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Imitation Learning and Reinforcement Learning Xiaolin Song,Xin Sheng,Haotian Cao,Mingjun Li,Binlin Huang Zhi Yi Automotive Engineering    2021, 43 (1): 59-67.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.008 Abstract （718）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （3042KB）（1135）       Knowledge map    A lane?change behavior decision?making method of the intelligent vehicle is proposed based on imitation learning and reinforcement learning， in which the macro decision?making module constructs the extreme gradient boosting model through imitation learning， and selects the macro instructions （lane?keeping， left lane?change and right lane?change） according to the input information， so as to determine the sub?problem of lane?change behavior decision that need to be solved. Each detailed decision?making sub?module acquires its optimized strategy through the reinforcement learning of deep deterministic strategy gradient to solve the corresponding sub?problem for determining the movement target position of ego?vehicle and sending to lower?level modules for execution. Simulation results show that the strategy learning speed of the proposed method is faster than that of pure reinforcement learning， and its comprehensive performance is better than that of finite state machine， behavior clone imitation learning and pure reinforcement learning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Technology Development of Multi-Domain Electrical and Electronic Architecture for Intelligent Networked Vehicles Yuan Zou,Wenjing Sun,Xudong Zhang,Jiahui Liu,Ya Wen,Wenbin Ma Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (6): 895-909.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001 Abstract （474）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （3130KB）（1034）       Knowledge map    With the continuous development of intelligent and networked vehicle technologies， the traditional electrical and electronic architecture can no longer meet the new requirements of future-oriented vehicle， road， cloud and network integration development. Focusing on the future-oriented multi-domain electrical and electronic architecture of intelligent networked vehicles， this review provides a detailed review of existing technologies in terms of the four aspects of overall design， hardware system， communication system and software system， and provides an outlook on the development of electrical and electronic architecture in China. This paper can provide an important reference value for the research of automotive electrical and electronic architecture technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics