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Study on the Technology Development of Multi-Domain Electrical and Electronic Architecture for Intelligent Networked Vehicles Yuan Zou,Wenjing Sun,Xudong Zhang,Jiahui Liu,Ya Wen,Wenbin Ma Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (6): 895-909.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001 Abstract （479）   HTML （50）    PDF（pc） （3130KB）（1043）       Knowledge map    With the continuous development of intelligent and networked vehicle technologies， the traditional electrical and electronic architecture can no longer meet the new requirements of future-oriented vehicle， road， cloud and network integration development. Focusing on the future-oriented multi-domain electrical and electronic architecture of intelligent networked vehicles， this review provides a detailed review of existing technologies in terms of the four aspects of overall design， hardware system， communication system and software system， and provides an outlook on the development of electrical and electronic architecture in China. This paper can provide an important reference value for the research of automotive electrical and electronic architecture technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Review and Prospect of the Modeling of Alkaline Water Electrolysis System for Hydrogen Production Yangyang Li,Xintao Deng,Junjie Gu,Tao Zhang,Bin Guo,Fuyuan Yang,Minggao Ouyang Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (4): 567-582.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.012 Abstract （1130）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （4913KB）（2142）       Knowledge map    The status quo and prospect of the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production are summed up in this paper with the focus on its modeling. Firstly， various ways of water electrolysis for hydrogen production are comparatively analyzed with the status quo of alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production emphatically expounded： the technology of hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis has the features of low investment cost， long service life and large scale and is an important means to achieve the carbon peak target at current stage. Then， in the aspect of modeling for the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production， the influencing mechanisms of the energy consumption and gas purity of electrolytic cell as well as the temperature and system control are quantitatively analyzed. This study provides theoretical and technical supports for the development of hydrogen production technology by alkaline water electrolysis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Key Technologies for Autonomous Vehicle Test Scenario Construction Xiangyang Xu,Wenhao Hu,Honglei Dong,Yan Wang,Lingyun Xiao,Penghui Li Automotive Engineering    2021, 43 (4): 610-619.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.04.019 Abstract （1183）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （1499KB）（2270）       Knowledge map    For autonomous vehicle test scenarios construction， this paper firstly makes a comparative analysis of the existing scenario definition and architecture， and proposes that test scenarios should cover a total of 10 layers of information of scene elements and test elements. Secondly， a method system of scenario construction including direct construction of concrete scenario， mining and deduction of typical logical scenario and reconstruction and derivation of specific scenario is summarized and proposed. Thirdly， from the three dimensions of single segment test， combined segment test and integrated traffic flow test， the main virtual scenario test application methods are systematically sorted out. Finally， the research prospect is presented from the perspective of method chain and tool chain of scenario construction. The research results of the review will provide reference for the testing and evaluation of autonomous vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis on Challenge and Development Trend of Safety Management Technologies for Traction Battery in New Energy Vehicles Wang Zhenpo, Yuan Changgui, Li Xiaoyu Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (12): 1606-1620.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.12.002 Abstract （1063）      PDF（pc） （1831KB）（1491）       Knowledge map    The safety management of traction battery is important means to ensure the safe operation of new energy vehicles, which directly affects the durability and reliability of vehicle. In this paper,three aspects, i.e. the safety concept, key technologies and futural development trend of traction battery are reviewed, in which the key technologies of battery safety including the mechanism and control measures of thermal runaway and protective structures are expounded respectively, with their achievements and inadequacies comparatively analyzed. Finally aiming at the challenges the current safety management of traction battery faces, the development trend of battery safety management in the future is given -- from mechanism analysis to system design optimization and from passive safety protection to active safety prediction Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key Technologies of Brain-Inspired Decision and Control Intelligence for Autonomous Driving Systems Shengbo Eben Li,Guojian Zhan,Yuxuan Jiang,Zhiqian Lan,Yuhang Zhang,Wenjun Zou,Chen Chen,Bo Cheng,Keqiang Li Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (9): 1499-1515.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.ep.006 Accepted: 25 April 2023 Online available: 25 April 2023 Abstract （532）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （3942KB）（562）       Knowledge map    As the technical trend of the next generation of high-level autonomous driving， brain-inspired learning is a class of methods that employ deep neural networks （DNN） as the strategy carrier and reinforcement learning （RL） as the training algorithm to realize strategy self evolution through continuous interaction with traffic environments， ultimately obtaining the optimal mapping from the environmental state to execution action. Currently， brain-inspired learning is mainly applied in decision-making and motion control modules of autonomous driving. Its key technologies include how to design its system framework to support interactive training， high-fidelity autonomous driving simulation platform， accurate and flexible representation of environment statues， multiple dimensional evaluation metrics， and effective training algorithm that drives policy updates. This paper systematically summarizes the history and future trends of decision-making and control functionalities in autonomous vehicles， including two main modular architectures （HDC， i.e.， hierarchical decision & control and IDC， i.e.， integrated decision & control） and three mainstream technical solutions （i.e.， rule-based design， supervised learning， and brain-inspired learning）. An overview of autonomous driving simulation platforms are briefly introduced， followed by three effective designing methods for representing traffic environment states （i.e.， object-based design， feature-based design， and combined design）. The paper also introduces multiple dimensional evaluation metrics for autonomous vehicles， which can describe self-driving performances including driving safety， regulatory compliance， driving comfort， travel efficiency， energy efficiency. Typical reinforcement learning algorithms， including their design principles， taxonomy， and algorithm performances， are introduced， as well as their application on brain-inspired autonomous driving systems in the systematic design of road-cloud cooperation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on Electro-Mechanical Brake Structure and Control Technology Lu Xiong,Congcong Li,Guirong Zhuo,Yulin Cheng,Le Qiao,Xinjian Wang Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (12): 2187-2199.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.12.001 Abstract （302）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （3849KB）（538）       Knowledge map    As a complete form of brake-by-wire system， electro-mechanical brake （EMB） system has many advantages such as simplified structure and rapid braking response. To give a comprehensive review on the development status of EMB structure， the development and industrialization of various structure schemes are summarized based on investigation of a large number of patents in this paper. And four basic structure schemes including the ball-screw-type， wedge-type， ball-ramp-type and cam-type scheme are analyzed and compared. For the clamping force control problem of the actuator with nonlinear characteristics and slow time-varying parameter perturbations， firstly a review on the actuator modeling methods is conducted in this paper. Then through the classification based on the presence or absence of pressure sensors， the research progress both home and abroad is reviewed from two aspects： clamping force control methods based on the feedback force value and control methods based on the estimated force value. Finally， future development trends of the actuator structure design， clamping force control and vehicle coordination redundancy control are prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Methodology of Critical Scenarios-Based Dual-Loop Testing and Verification for Safety of the Intended Functionality Siyu Wu,Wenhao Yu,Xingyu Xing,Yuxin Zhang,Chuzhao Li,Xueke Li,Xinyu Gu,Yunwei Li,Xiaohan Ma,Wei Lu,Zheng Wang,Zhenmao Hao,Hong Wang,Jun Li Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (9): 1583-1607.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.09.008 Abstract （151）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （3139KB）（534）       Knowledge map    Safety of the Intended Functionality （SOTIF） is a vital part of autonomous driving and poses a significant challenge for intelligent connected vehicles， which requires comprehensive and high-efficiency testing and verification methodology to effectively assist the safety development process of the system. Based on critical scenarios， this paper proposes a dual-loop framework with close loop verification and dynamic evaluation， summarizes the technologies for critical scenarios construction， and further formulizes a quantitative method for acceptance criterion. Finally， this article looks forward to key researches in the area of SOTIF testing and verification. The paper aims to provide a maneuverable and theoretical reference for the engineering practice on the SOTIF for intelligent connected vehicle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technical Status and Development Trend of Automotive Operating System Zhihong Wang,Deying Yu,Tianze Ma,Bingquan Chen,Zongyang Li,Hongyan Li Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (6): 910-921.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.002 Abstract （256）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （2374KB）（504）       Knowledge map    With the development of automotive electrification and intelligence， its electronic and electrical architecture is changing from traditional distributed architecture to domain centralized architecture and central computing architecture， and vehicle software is upgrading from signal oriented architecture to service-oriented software architecture. Automotive operating system is an important foundation of vehicle software ecology， and it is of great significance to strengthen the development of automotive operating system technology to ensure the safety of intelligent automobile industry in China. Based on this background， this paper reviews the technical architecture， typical products and development status of automotive operating system， compares the mainstream virtual technology products， kernels and middleware at home and abroad， and brings forward the development trend of automotive operating system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Test and Evaluation Technique of Real Roads for Automated Driving Vehicles Based on OEDR and ODC Hang Sun,Zhijun Li,Linlin Zhang,Zhenyu Chen,Shilong Li Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (6): 842-850.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.06.005 Abstract （240）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （1226KB）（669）       Knowledge map    In this paper， a classification method of test roads is proposed based on the object and event detection and response （OEDR） task of the automated driving system， the road element fundamental model is constructed based on the operation design domain， and the effective Jaccard similarity method is modified for the conformity assessment of test road. In addition， a test and assessing method based on the boundary of operation design condition is also put forward according to the selection of test road， and combined with occupant subjective evaluation， a test and evaluation system for automated driving vehicles on real road is built. The results of test on typical roads in China show that the test and evaluation system proposed has good feasibility and universality， being able to be widely applied as a standardized method. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Low-temperature Characteristics and HeatingTechniques of Vehicle Lithium-ion Battery Zhu Jiangong, Sun Zechang, Wei Xuezhe, Dai Haifeng, Fang Qiaohua, Tang Xuan Automotive Engineering    2019, 41 (5): 571-581.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.05.014 Abstract （763）      PDF（pc） （2530KB）（1920）       Knowledge map    In view of the deterioration of power characteristics and the lowering of charging and discharging efficiencies in traction battery, hampering the further development of electric vehicles , the tests of charging , discharging and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characteristics are carried out on traction batteries with different material systems and specifications to analyze the key factors affecting the low-temperature performances of Li-ion traction batteries on one hand, and a comprehensive preview is conducted on the current research progress in low-temperature heating technology from the angle of traction battery thermal management on the other hand, aiming at providing a guidance for improving the low-temperature performance and the further research on low-temperature thermal management technique of traction batteries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key Technologies to Ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality for Intelligent Vehicles Wenbo Shao,Jun Li,Yuxin Zhang,Hong Wang Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (9): 1289-1304.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.09.001 Abstract （758）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （3585KB）（9647）       Knowledge map    The limitations on performance， insufficient specifications or reasonably foreseeable misuse lead to the issues related to the safety of the intended functionality （SOTIF） emerging one after another， seriously hindering the rapid development of intelligent vehicles. This paper focuses on the key technologies to ensure the SOTIF， and systematically summarizes the related state of art of research from system development， functional improvement， and operation three phases. Finally， the research prospect is foreseen from the perspectives of basic theory， risk prevention and update mechanism. The review can provide an important reference for the research on the safety of the intended functionality for intelligent vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Autonomous Driving Decision-Making Research Based on Reinforcement Learning Lisheng Jin,Guangde Han,Xianyi Xie,Baicang Guo,Guofeng Liu,Wentao Zhu Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (4): 527-540.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.04.001 Abstract （535）   HTML （54）    PDF（pc） （1155KB）（648）       Knowledge map    Decision-making technology of autonomous vehicle is promoted by the development of reinforcement learning， and intelligent decision-making technology has become a key issue of high concern in the field of autonomous driving. Taking the development of reinforcement learning algorithm as the main line in this paper， the in-depth application of this algorithm in the field of single-car autonomous driving decision-making is summarized. Traditional reinforcement learning algorithms， classic algorithms and frontier algorithms are summarized and compared from the aspect of basic principles and theoretical modeling methods. According to the classification of autonomous driving decision-making methods in different scenarios， the impact of environmental state observability on modeling is analyzed， and the application technology routes of typical reinforcement learning algorithms at different levels are emphasized. The research prospects for the autonomous driving decision-making method are proposed in order to provide a useful reference for the research of autonomous driving decision-making. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Dynamic Control Strategy for Extreme Maneuvers of 4WIDEVs Cheng Lin,Sheng Liang,Xinle Gong,Xiao Yu,Bowen Wang Automotive Engineering    2022, 44 (9): 1372-1385.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.09.008 Abstract （430）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （5184KB）（705）       Knowledge map    In order to improve the active safety of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles under extreme conditions such as low adhesion road driving and high-speed steering， a predictive control-based dynamic integrated control method is proposed in this paper. Firstly， in order to balance the modeling accuracy of the prediction model and the computational burden of the controller， the nonlinear yaw dynamic model is simplified by a piecewise affine approximation， and then the prediction model of the hybrid system is established. Secondly， the instability mechanism of the multi-time-varying parameter system is analyzed. The maneuvers with bifurcation are defined as the extreme conditions， and the unified vehicle stability judgement method for different extreme conditions such as low adhesion and high speed is developed to determine the switching mechanism of the control mode. Then， the integrated dynamic control strategy based on the robust hybrid predictive control algorithm is proposed， which systematically considers the vehicle speed variation and tire nonlinear lateral deflection characteristics under the extreme conditions， and coordinately optimizes the anti-skid performance， yaw stability and other safety indexes. The processor-in-the-loop test shows that the proposed integrated dynamic control strategy can meet the control requirements of low adhesion road driving and high-speed steering conditions， and significantly improve the active safety of the vehicle under extreme conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Vehicle Switching Control Considering Dynamic Stability Constraints Yu Zhang,Mingfan Xu,Guangyu Bai,Mingming Dong,Li Gao,Yechen Qin Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (5): 709-718.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.05.001 Abstract （294）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （3595KB）（395）       Knowledge map    Strengthening active collision avoidance capability is the key to improving driving safety for intelligent vehicles. In particular， efficient and stable implementation of the active collision avoidance function in emergency is the basis for ensuring accurate multi-objective switching of intelligent vehicles. However， current active collision avoidance methods need to be further improved in terms of the collision avoidance ability when facing vehicles cutting in from different directions. To address the above-mentioned problems， a switching control method for the intelligent vehicle is proposed， which quantifies the collision risk， constructs target switching logic and designs a hierarchical system control structure. The proposed method strengthens the active collision-avoidance ability for cut-in vehicles from different directions to realize stable switching among different driving objectives under vehicle stability constraints. Finally， the multi-vehicle experimental platform verifies the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autonomous Driving 3D Object Detection Based on Cascade YOLOv7 Dongyu Zhao, Shuen Zhao Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (7): 1112-1122.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.07.002 Abstract （245）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （4587KB）（391）       Knowledge map    For the problems of incomplete feature information and excessive point cloud search volume in 3D object detection methods based on image and original point cloud， based on Frustum PointNet structure， a 3D object detection algorithm based on cascade YOLOv7 is proposed by fusing RGB image and point cloud data of autonomous driving surrounding scenes. Firstly， a frustum estimation model based on YOLOv7 is constructed to longitudinally expand the RGB image RoI into 3D space. Then the object point cloud and background point cloud in the frustum are segmented by PointNet ++. Finally， the natural position relationship between objects is explained by using the non-modal 3D box estimation network to output the length， width， height， heading et al. of objects. The test results and ablation experiments on the KITTI public dataset show that compared with the benchmark network， the inference time of cascade YOLOv7 model is shortened by 40 ms?frame-1， with the mean average precision of detection at the moderate， difficulty level increased by 8.77%， 9.81%， respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Hierarchical Control Strategy for Automatic Emergency Braking System with Consideration of Time-to-collision Lan Fengchong, Yu Meng, Li Shicheng, Chen Jiqing Automotive Engineering    2020, 42 (2): 206-214.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.02.010 Abstract （371）      PDF（pc） （1028KB）（807）       Knowledge map    In order to enhance the active safety of the vehicle, the control strategy for the vehicle automatic emergency braking system is studied. The control strategy is modeled with the idea of hierarchical control. The upper controller is a time-to-collision model for determining vehicle braking deceleration, which analyze the braking deceleration of brake system based on the drivers' emergency braking data of the vehicle rear-end accident depth investigation to determine the time-to-collision threshold with consideration of comfort. The lower controller analyzes the relationship between the tire model and the brake system according to the braking deceleration output from upper controller, and controls the vehicle by adjusting the braking pressure through PID control. The reliability of control strategy is verified under the standard condition of safety evaluation specifications and the effectiveness of the control strategy is validated through the reconstruction of rear-end accident scene. The results of simulation show that the control strategy devised can effectively avoid collisions with a relative speed lower than 65 km/h and can reduce the collision speed to the maximum extent with a relative speed higher than 65 km/h, reducing the severity of damage Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Adaptive Capacity Estimation Scheme for Lithium-ion Battery Basedon Voltage Characteristic Points in Constant-current Charging Curve Lai Xin, Qin Chao, Zheng Yuejiu, Han Xuebing    2019, 41 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.01.001 Abstract （2581）      PDF（pc） （2252KB）（1872）       Knowledge map    To improve the online capacity estimation accuracy of lithium-ion batteries, an adaptive capacity estimation scheme combining the online capacity identification based on the features of a few charging curves with Arrhenius capacity decay model is proposed. In view of the seldom situations of complete charging in battery electric vehicles, an online capacity identification scheme based on voltage characteristic points of constant-current charging curves is put forward. The scheme uses genetic algorithm to optimize the voltage characteristic points of the scaled and translated charging curves first and then online identify the present capacity of the battery by monitoring the constant-current charging data regarding the two fixed voltage characteristic points. For further enhancing the accuracy of online capacity estimation, an incremental PID algorithm is used to fuse the online capacity estimation and Arrhenius model to perform the closed-loop correction of model parameters. Finally, the results of cycle life experiment under alternating temperature condition show that the maximum estimation error of the proposed adaptive estimation scheme is less than 2%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal Joint Planning Method of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Improved Hybrid A Jie Hu, Zhihao Zhang, Ruinan Chen, Ruipeng Chen, Haoyan Liu, Qi Zhu, Hui Chen Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (7): 1123-1133.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.07.003 Abstract （289）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （4436KB）（356）       Knowledge map    Motion planning is the critical module of trajectory generation in autopilot system. The existing motion planning mostly adopts path-velocity decomposition method， which is easy to fall into trajectory suboptimal in complex dynamic scenarios. In this paper， a spatio-temporal joint motion planning method based on the combination of search and numerical optimization is proposed to solve the drivable trajectory directly. Firstly， the improved hybrid A* is used to search for the initial rough trajectory in the spatio-temporal range. Secondly， a drivable spatio-temporal corridor is constructed based on the initial trajectory， and considering vehicle dynamics and trajectory continuity constraints， the numerical optimization method is used to further smooth the initial trajectory. Finally， two typical complex dynamic scenarios of lane change overtaking and side-vehicle cut-in are selected for simulation test. The results show that the proposed planning method is more flexible and more reasonable than the traditional spatio-temporal decoupling planning method， and has better real-time computing performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Integrated Thermal Management System of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Zhongwen Zhu,Xin Wang,Weihai Jiang,Cheng Li Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (11): 1991-2000.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.11.001 Abstract （312）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （4189KB）（349）       Knowledge map    Effective thermal management is crucial for the efficient operation of fuel cell vehicles （FCVs）. Fuel cell vehicle thermal management often adopts independent management methods for each subsystem， but this independent method cannot effectively utilize its own waste heat to improve thermal management efficiency and range. In this regard， a vehicle integrated thermal management （VITM） system that utilizes fuel cell waste heat is developed in this paper. The VITM uses a heat exchanger to achieve waste heat recovery of fuel cells and efficient thermal management of various components. The flexible management of each circuit decoupling is achieved through the integrated design of six-way valves. And simulation research on thermal management is conducted on the AMESim simulation platform. The results show that the VITM system developed in this paper can maintain the stability of various components of fuel cell vehicles within the specified operating temperature range. At an ambient temperature of -10 ℃， compared with direct heating mode， a heat pump air conditioner using fuel cell waste heat as a heat source to heat the power battery， the heating time is reduced by 55%.The heating time for the passenger compartment is reduced by 85%， and the energy consumption ratio （COP） value is 4， resulting in a 75% reduction in energy consumption. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fatigue Simulation and Experimental Study of Super-size Integral Die Casting Aluminum Alloy Rear End Body Weihe Zeng, Ligang Gou, Yu Luo, Jun Zhang, Huihong Liao Automotive Engineering    2023, 45 (7): 1263-1275.   DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.07.017 Abstract （120）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （7302KB）（346）       Knowledge map    For the durability development problem of an vehicle with super-size integral die casing aluminum alloy rear end body， the E-N data of the cast aluminum alloy for the die casting body is tested and the key parameters of die-casting alloy E-N curve are obtained by fitting the experimental measured data of fatigue samples. Finite element model of Trim body is built and the dynamic stress response of the die casting body is calculated based on the modal transient method. Rain flow statistics is carried out to the stress time history response signal. Combined with the measured material E-N curve and Miner’s damage accumulation principle.， the body fatigue damage of initial design and optimized design are analyzed and compared. Finally， the optimized integral die casting part is loaded into the vehicle for the four-column strengthening durability test. The investigation results show that the E-N relation curve of die casting aluminum alloy can be described by Manson-Coffin-Basquin equation. Compared with the original design， the maximum damage of the improved integrated die casting aluminum alloy body is reduced from 2.67 to 0.32， and the risk of fatigue cracking is eliminated. No cracks are found in the body after the reinforced four-column endurance experiment verification. The research results can provide a reference for the development of integral die-cast aluminum alloy body to achieve the goal of vehicle durability properties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics