基于金属相变材料储热的严寒地区电动客车热管理系统研究

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.08.011

Abstract

Abstract:

For the problems faced by electric buses in cold regions during winter operation， such as severe reduction in driving range and excessively long preheating time， this research breaks through the limitation of traditional low-temperature thermal management technologies and proposes a vehicle thermal management solution based on thermal energy storage （TES） with metallic phase change material. A phase change TES device made of aluminum-silicon alloy for cold working conditions is designed. Then based on vehicle system simulation， the influence of capacity configuration of TES device on vehicle low-temperature performance is analyzed. The results indicate that the TES device has a mass energy density of 235 W·h/kg and a volume energy density of 429 W·h/L， whose energy storage cost is only 5%~20% of that of lithium-ion battery systems. Besides， at -40 ℃， adding a 110 kW·h TES device can increase the driving range by 115.5% and adding an 8 kW·h TES device can shorten the warm-up time by 65%. This study provides a new thermal management paradigm with both technical feasibility and economical rationality for the large-scale promotion of electric buses in cold regions， and is of great significance for promoting the comprehensive electrification of public transport in high latitude regions.

Key words: thermal energy storage, electric bus, vehicle thermal management, metallic phase change material

Peng Xie,Zhenhao Cai,Ruilin Luo,Jingfei Wang,Cheng Lin. Research on Thermal Management System of Electric Buses for Extreme Cold Regions Based on Thermal Energy Storage with Metallic Phase Change Material[J].Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(8): 1546-1558.

Figures/Tables 30

References 39

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参数	数值
长度/mm	11 467
宽度/mm	2 483
高度/mm	2 343
轮胎半径/m	0.43
迎风面积S/m²	6.2
整备质量m/kg	12 115
滚动阻力系数f	0.008
风阻系数C_D	0.493

参数	数值
额定功率/kW	210
额定转矩/（N·m）	436
额定转速/（r·min^-1）	4 600
峰值转矩/（N·m）	862
标称电压/V	650
最小电压/V	428
最大电压/V	782

参数	数值
电芯类型	方形LTO电芯
电芯容量/（A·h）	34
电芯质量/kg	0.963
电芯尺寸/mm	15×174×322
密度/（kg?m^-3）	1 901
比热容/（J?kg^-1?K^-1）	979
热导率/（W?m^-1?K^-1）	2.52
上截止电压/V	3
下截止电压/V	1.7

围护结构	面积 /m2	材料（从外到内）	厚度/mm （从外到内）	与水平面的夹角/（°）
挡风玻璃	3.05	玻璃+空气+玻璃	10+15+10	90
车顶	23.91	铝+泡沫+内饰板	4+60+5	0
侧壁 1	8.59	铝+泡沫+内饰板	4+50+5	90
侧壁 2	8.59	铝+泡沫+内饰板	4+50+5	90
侧窗 1	10.90	玻璃+空气+玻璃	10+5+10	90
侧窗 2	10.90	玻璃+空气+玻璃	10+5+10	90
后围	3.36	铝+泡沫+内饰板	4+60+5	90
地板	8.13	铝+空气+内饰板	10+5+5	0

组件	规格
压缩机	类型：电动涡轮式压缩机转速：500-4 000 r/min 排量：200 cm³/r
内部换热器	类型：交错管片式换热器管数：4×7 管间距：21.5 mm×25 mm 长度：1 380 mm 内径：8 mm
外部换热器	类型：交错管片式换热器管数：4×30 管间距：20 mm×25 mm 长度：1 600 mm 内径：8 mm
膨胀阀	类型：电子膨胀阀开启度：0-85% 最大直径：8 mm
内部风机	风量：1 100 m³/h 功率消耗：250 W 挡位：0-5，0挡时关闭
外部风扇	风量：2 700 m³/h 功率消耗：700 W 挡位：0-4，0挡时关闭

Research on Thermal Management System of Electric Buses for Extreme Cold Regions Based on Thermal Energy Storage with Metallic Phase Change Material

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References 39

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参数	数值
材料名称	AlSi₁₂
相变温度/℃	570
相变潜热/（kJ·kg^-1）	575
热导率/（W?m^-1?K^-1）	固态：180 　液态：70
密度/（kg?m^-3）	固态：2 642　液态：2 460
比热容/（J?kg^-1?K^-1）	固态：1 100　液态：1 741

组件	直径/mm	厚度/mm	长度/mm	材料	数量
电加热套	240	15	80	钨丝	2
U型管束	8	1.5	537；574； 612；650	316不锈钢	（2，4，4，2）×2
罐体	200	15	280	碳化硅	1
通风管路	50	2	1 500	304不锈钢
法兰盘	240		30	304不锈钢	1

环境温度/℃	最优储热容量/（kW·h）	储热装置质量/kg	储热装置体积/L	成本/元	无储热装置续驶里程/km	配置储热装置续驶里程/km	续驶里程增幅/%	配置储热装置时常温下续驶里程的损失/%
-10	55	226	105	5 775	57.7	72.5	25.65	0.84
-20	70	286	129	7 350	39.4	67.3	70.81	1.20
-30	95	386	167	9 975	32.6	62.8	92.64	1.56
-40	110	445	189	11 550	27.1	58.4	115.50	1.79

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