车用锂离子电池低温特性与加热方法研究进展*

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2019.05.014

Abstract

Abstract: In view of the deterioration of power characteristics and the lowering of charging and discharging efficiencies in traction battery, hampering the further development of electric vehicles , the tests of charging , discharging and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characteristics are carried out on traction batteries with different material systems and specifications to analyze the key factors affecting the low-temperature performances of Li-ion traction batteries on one hand, and a comprehensive preview is conducted on the current research progress in low-temperature heating technology from the angle of traction battery thermal management on the other hand, aiming at providing a guidance for improving the low-temperature performance and the further research on low-temperature thermal management technique of traction batteries.

Key words: electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, low temperature performances, heating techniques, thermal management

Zhu Jiangong, Sun Zechang, Wei Xuezhe, Dai Haifeng, Fang Qiaohua, Tang Xuan. Research Progress on Low-temperature Characteristics and HeatingTechniques of Vehicle Lithium-ion Battery[J].Automotive Engineering, 2019, 41(5): 571-581.

References

[1] BRESSER D, HOSOI K, HOWELL D, et al. Perspectives of automotive battery R&D in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2018,382:176-178.
[2] LU L, HAN X, LI J, et al. A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2013,226:272-288.
[3] HARKS P P R M L, MULDER F M, NOTTEN P H L. In situ methods for Li-ion battery research: a review of recent developments[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,288:92-105.
[4] 雷治国,张承宁,李军求,等.电动车用锂离子电池低温性能研究[J].汽车工程,2013,35(10):927-933.
[5] CHO H M, CHOI W S, GO J Y, et al. A study on time-dependent low temperature power performance of a lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2012,198:273-280.
[6] PETZL M, KASPER M, DANZER M A. Lithium plating in a commercial lithium-ion battery-a low-temperature aging study[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,275:799-807.
[7] ZHANG S S, XU K, JOW T R. Electrochemical impedance study on the low temperature of Li-Ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2004,49(7):1057-1061.
[8] ZHANG S S, XU K, JOW T R. Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2002,48(3):241-246.
[9] LI S, LI X, LIU J, et al. A low-temperature electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Ionics,2014,21(4):901-907.
[10] SENYSHYN A, MÜHLBAUER M J, DOLOTKO O, et al. Low-temperature performance of Li-ion batteries: the behavior of lithiated graphite[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,282:235-240.
[11] BITZER B, GRUHLE A. A new method for detecting lithium plating by measuring the cell thickness[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2014,262:297-302.
[12] LEGRAND N, KNOSP B, DESPREZ P, et al. Physical characterization of the charging process of a Li-ion battery and prediction of Li plating by electrochemical modelling[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2014,245:208-216.
[13] UHLMANN C, ILLIG J, ENDER M, et al. In situ detection of lithium metal plating on graphite in experimental cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,279:428-438.
[14] ZINTH V, VON LÜDERS C, HOFMANN M, et al. Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries at sub-ambient temperatures investigated by in situ neutron diffraction[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2014,271:152-159.
[15] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. Charge and discharge characteristics of a commercial LiCoO 2-based 18650 Li-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2006,160(2):1403-1409.
[16] FAN J. On the discharge capability and its limiting factors of commercial 18650 Li-ion cell at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2003,117(1):170-178.
[17] ZHAO H, DUAN Y L, GE G L, et al. Study on performance of low temperature type lithium ion battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources,2009,1:019.
[18] 雷治国,张承宁,董玉刚,等.电动汽车用锂离子电池低温性能和加热方法[J].北京工业大学学报,2013,39(9):1400-1404.
[19] 霍宇涛,饶中浩,赵佳腾,等.低温环境下电池热管理研究进展[J].新能源进展,2015,3(1):53-58.
[20] 谢晓华,张建,李佳,等.磷酸铁锂电池低温性能的研究[J].华南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,2009(S2):113-114.
[21] ZHANG S S, XU K, JOW T R. EIS study on the formation of solid electrolyte interface in Li-ion battery[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(8-9):1636-1640.
[22] GOMEZ J, NELSON R, KALU E E, et al. Equivalent circuit model parameters of a high-power Li-ion battery: thermal and state of charge effects[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(10):4826-4831.
[23] ORAZEM M E, TRIBOLLET B. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[M]. John Wiley & Sons,2011.
[24] 曹楚南,张鉴清.电化学阻抗谱导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[25] CIUCCI F, LAI W. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of phase transition materials[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2012,81:205-216.
[26] GABERSCEK M, JAMNIK J. Impact of electrochemical wiring topology on the kinetics of insertion electrodes[J]. Solid State Ionics,2006,177(26-32):2647-2651.
[27] GABERSCEK M, MOSKON J, ERJAVEC B, et al. The importance of interphase contacts in Li Ion electrodes: the meaning of the high-frequency impedance arc[J]. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2008,11(10):A170.
[28] SCHMIDT J P, CHROBAK T, ENDER M, et al. Studies on LiFePO4 as cathode material using impedance spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(12):5342-5348.
[29] BAI S J, SONG Y S. Correlation between internal structure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of multiphase slurry systems[J]. Anal Chem,2013,85(8):3918-3925.
[30] LOHMANN N, WEBKAMP P, HAUBMANN P, et al. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for lithium-ion cells: test equipment and procedures for aging and fast characterization in time and frequency domain[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,273:613-623.
[31] BOUKAMP B. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in solid state ionics: recent advances[J]. Solid State Ionics,2004,169(1-4):65-73.
[32] LI S E, WANG B, PENG H, et al. An electrochemistry-based impedance model for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2014,258:9-18.
[33] HARADA T, TANAKA J I, NAKAZAWA A, et al. AC impedance spectroscopy of lithium-ion secondary cell exposed to elevated temperature[J]. Electrochemistry,2010,78(5):435-437.
[34] XIAO M, CHOE S Y. Impedance model of lithium ion polymer battery considering temperature effects based on electrochemical principle: part I for high frequency[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,277:403-415.
[35] XIE Y, LI J, YUAN C. Mathematical modeling of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in lithium ion battery cycling[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2014,127:266-275.
[36] GABERSCEK M, DOMINKO R, JAMNIK J. The meaning of impedance measurements of LiFePO4 cathodes: a linearity study[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2007,174(2):944-948.
[37] MALIK R, ABDELLAHI A, CEDER G. A critical review of the Li insertion mechanisms in LiFePO4 electrodes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2013,160(5):A3179-A3197.
[38] DOYLE M, NEWMAN J, GOZDZ A S, et al. Comparison of modeling predictions with experimental data from plastic lithium ion cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1996,143(6):1890-1903.
[39] NEWMAN J, THOMAS-ALYEA K E. Electrochemical systems[M]. John Wiley & Sons,2012.
[40] NEWMAN J, TIEDEMANN W. Porous-electrode theory with battery applications[J]. Aiche Journal,1975,21(1):25-41.
[41] ABRAHAM D, HEATON J, KANG S H, et al. Investigating the low-temperature impedance increase of lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2008,155(1):A41-A47.
[42] PESARAN A, VLAHINOS A, STUART T. Cooling and preheating of batteries in hybrid electric vehicles[C]. 6th ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference,2003.
[43] 胡立新,王超,陈晓琴,等.锂离子电池电解液低温性能的研究[J].化工新型材料,2011,39(7):62-64.
[44] JI Y, ZHANG Y, WANG C Y. Li-ion cell operation at low temperatures[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2013,160(4):A636-A649.
[45] LI J, YUAN C F, GUO Z H, et al. Limiting factors for low-temperature performance of electrolytes in LiFePO 4/Li and graphite/Li half cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2012,59:69-74.
[46] QIAO Y, TU J, WANG X, et al. The low and high temperature electrochemical performances of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C cathode material for Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2012,199:287-292.
[47] 王洪伟,杜春雨,王常波.锂离子电池的低温性能研究[J].电池,2009,39(4):208-210.
[48] NAGASUBRAMANIAN G. Electrical characteristics of 18650 Li-ion cells at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2001,31(1):99-104.
[49] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. A new approach toward improved low temperature performance of Li-ion battery[J]. Electrochemistry Communications,2002,4(11):928-932.
[50] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. An inorganic composite membrane as the separator of Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2005,140(2):361-364.
[51] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2002,48(3):241-246.
[52] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. Electrochemical impedance study on the low temperature of Li-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2004,49(7):1057-1061.
[53] ZHANG S, XU K, JOW T. The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2003,115(1):137-140.
[54] FAN J, TAN S. Studies on charging lithium-ion cells at low temperatures[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2006,153(6):A1081-A1092.
[55] HARRIS V, MILLER R L. Vehicle heating and cooling system: U.S. Patent 4,280,330[P]. 1981-7-28. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4280330A/en.
[56] SONG H S, JEONG J B, LEE B H, et al. Experimental study on the effects of pre-heating a battery in a low-temperature environment[C]. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,2012:1198-1201.
[57] 万向电动汽车有限公司.一种电动大巴车用电源Pack: CN104037365A[P].2014-09-10.http://epub.sipo.gov.cn.
[58] 清华大学.一种基于车载天然气供能的动力电池热管理系统:CN104733802A[P].2015-06-24.http://epub.sipo.gov.cn.
[59] ZHANG X, KONG X, LI G, et al. Thermodynamic assessment of active cooling/heating methods for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles in extreme conditions[J]. Energy,2014,64:1092-1101.
[60] FURMAN G R. Automotive battery heating system: U.S. Patent 2,440,369[P].1948-4-27.https://patents.google.com/patent/US2440369A/en.
[61] MALECEK E L. Battery heating device and method: U.S. Patent 5,731,568[P]. 1998-3-24.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5731568A/en.
[62] GODARD P, PREVOT C. Method and device for charging and heating at low temperature a sealed storage cell battery: U.S. Patent 4,025,861[P].1977-5-24.https://patents.google.com/patent/US4025861A/en.
[63] KAMENOFF R. Self-heating battery that automatically adjusts its heat setting: U.S. Patent Application 11/178,985[P]. 2006-1-19.https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060012342A1/en.
[64] WILMER K. Battery heater: U.S. Patent 2,611,853[P].1952-9-23.https://patents.google.com/patent/US2611853A/en.
[65] MCCALL D J. Battery warmer with timer switch: U.S. Patent 5,994,669[P].1999-11-30.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5994669A/en.
[66] 王发成,张俊智,王丽芳.车载动力电池组用空气电加热装置设计[J].电源技术,2013,37(7):1184-1187.
[67] 比亚迪股份有限公司.混合动力汽车、混合动力汽车的动力系统及电池加热方法:CN103419614A[P].2013-12-04. http://epub.sipo.gov.cn.
[68] 马骁.电动汽车锂离子电池温度特性与加热管理系统研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2010:47-52.
[69] 张承宁,雷治国,董玉刚.电动汽车锂离子电池低温加热方法研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2012,32(9):921-925.
[70] LAURENZI S, CASINI A, POCCI D. Design and fabrication of a helicopter unitized structure using resin transfer moulding[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,2014,67:221-232.
[71] RAO Z H, WANG S F, ZHANG Y L. Simulation of heat dissipation with phase change material for cylindrical power battery[J]. Journal of the Energy Institute,2012,85(1):38-43.
[72] KHATEEB S A, FARID M M, SELMAN J R, et al. Design and simulation of a lithium-ion battery with a phase change material thermal management system for an electric scooter[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2004,128(2):292-307.
[73] LIN C, XU S, CHANG G, et al. Experiment and simulation of a LiFePO4 battery pack with a passive thermal management system using composite phase change material and graphite sheets[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,275:742-749.
[74] DUAN X, NATERER G F. Heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal management of electric vehicle battery modules[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2010,53(23):5176-5182.
[75] RAO Z, WANG S, ZHANG G. Simulation and experiment of thermal energy management with phase change material for ageing LiFePO4 power battery[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2011,52(12):3408-3414.
[76] ALAOUI C, SALAMEH Z M. Solid state heater cooler: design and evaluation[C]. Power Engineering,2001.LESCOPE'01.2001 Large Engineering Systems Conference,2001:139-145.
[77] ALAOUI C, SALAMEH Z M. A novel thermal management for electric and hybrid vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2005,54(2):468-476.
[78] SALAMEH Z, ALAOUI C. Modeling and simulation of a thermal management system for electric vehicles[C]. Industrial Electronics Society,2003.IECON'03.The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE,2003:887-890.
[79] 姚寿广,马哲树,罗林,等.电子电器设备中高效热管散热技术的研究现状及发展[J].华东船舶工业学院学报:自然科学版,2003,17(4):9-12.
[80] KRAS B, AEBI A. Improvement of low temperature performance of SAM EV-II Li-ion battery pack by applying active thermal management based on Peltier elements[C]. Proceedings of the 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium. Shenzhen,2010:1-5.
[81] 卢高庆,韩海伦,杨德轩,等.基于半导体制冷技术的动力电池箱热管理应用研究[J].电子世界,2014(3):186-188.
[82] 北京工业大学.混合动力电动汽车电池加热综合利用装置:CN101537787B[P].2011-11-30.http://epub.sipo.gov.cn.
[83] TULLY T E. Battery warmer: U.S. Patent 3,156,813[P].1964-11-10.https://patents.google.com/patent/US3156813A/en.
[84] TAJIRI A, HOTTA Y, ISHIKAWA M, et al. Battery temperature control system in electric automobile: U.S. Patent 5,490,572[P]. 1996-2-13.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5490572A/en.
[85] CHEN P, LU Z, JI L, et al. Design of the control scheme of power battery low temperature charging heating based on the real vehicle applications[C].2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference(VPPC),2013:1-6.
[86] WANG C Y, ZHANG G, GE S, et al. Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures[J]. Nature,2016,529(7587):515-518.
[87] JI Y, WANG C Y. Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero temperatures[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2013,107:664-674.
[88] ASHTIANI C N. Heating of batteries using reactive power: U.S. Patent 7,382,102[P].2008-6-3.https://patents.google.com/patent/US7382102B2/en.
[89] ASHTIANI C N, STUART T A. Battery self-warming mechanism using the inverter and the battery main disconnect circuitry: U.S. Patent 6,882,061[P].2005-4-19.https://patents.google.com/patent/US6882061B1/en.
[90] ASHTIANI C N, STUART T A. Efficient resonant self-heating battery electric circuit: U.S. Patent 6,072,301[P].2000-6-6.https://patents.google.com/patent/US6072301A/en.
[91] CARKNER S. Self heating battery system: U.S. Patent 9,083,065[P].2015-7-14.https://patents.google.com/patent/US9083065B2/en.
[92] HANDE A. Internal battery temperature estimation using series battery resistance measurements during cold temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2006,158(2):1039-1046.
[93] HANDE A. A high frequency inverter for cold temperature battery heating[C]. Computers in Power Electronics,2004.Proceedings.2004 IEEE Workshop,2004:215-222.
[94] HANDE A, STUART T. AC heating for EV/HEV batteries[C]. Power Electronics in Transportation,2002:119-124.
[95] VANDERSLICE JR W T, SCAFIDI C J. Battery heating system using internal battery resistance: U.S. Patent 5,362,942[P].1994-11-8.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5362942A/en.[96] LEE R J, BEENE J L, JEFFREY D P, et al. Battery warmer: U.S. Patent 5,281,792[P].1994-1-25.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5281792A/en.
[97] HANDE A, STUART T. A selective equalizer for NiMH batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2004,138(1):327-339.
[98] STUART T, HANDE A. HEV battery heating using AC currents[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2004,129(2):368-378.
[99] ZHANG J, GE H, LI Z, et al. Internal heating of lithium-ion batteries using alternating current based on the heat generation model in frequency domain[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2015,273:1030-1037.
[100] RUAN H, JIANG J, SUN B, et al. A rapid low-temperature internal heating strategy with optimal frequency based on constant polarization voltage for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Applied Energy,2016,177:771-782.
[101] ZHU J, SUN Z, WEI X, et al. Experimental investigations of an AC pulse heating method for vehicular high power lithium-ion batteries at subzero temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2017,367:145-157.
[102] ZHU J, SUN Z, WEI X, et al. An alternating current heating method for lithium-ion batteries from subzero temperatures[J]. International Journal of Energy Research,2016,40(13):1869-1883.
[103] ZHU J, SUN Z, WEI X, et al. Experimental investigation of AC pulse heating method for NMC lithium-ion battery at subzero temperatures[C]. SAE Paper 2017-01-1217.

[1]	WANG Dan, LIU Zhong-Chang, TIAN Jing, HAN Yong-Qiang, TAN Man-Zhi. [J]. , 2016, 38(12): 1415 -1419 .
[2]	KONG Xiang-Dong, ZHANG Zhen-Dong, XIE Nai-Liu, CHENG Qiang, YIN Cong-Bo. [J]. , 2016, 38(12): 1471 -1476 .
[3]	LI Ling, MA Li, MOU Yu, XU Chao, LI Wen-Ru, SHI Shu-Ming. [J]. , 2016, 38(12): 1508 -1514 .
[4]	GAO Ji-Dong, GAO Bo-Lin, XIE Shu-Gang. [J]. , 2016, 38(12): 1515 -1520 .
[5]	QIN Xiao-Hui, WANG Jian-Qiang, XIE Bo-Yuan, HU Man-Jiang, LI Ke-Qiang. [J]. , 2017, 39(1): 73 -78 .
[6]	SU Chang, FU Li-Ming, WEI Jun, CAO Yue, HUANG Lei, LI Shuo. [J]. , 2017, 39(1): 35 -40 .
[7]	ZHANG Jian, ZHOU Dao-Kui, TONG Rui, QI Hao-Chen. [J]. , 2017, 39(1): 47 -51 .
[8]	ZHENG Wei. [J]. , 2017, 39(1): 107 -112 .
[9]	SHAO Shi-Ping, HUANG Ju-Hua, CAO Ming. [J]. , 2017, 39(2): 200 -205 .
[10]	Chen-Xin, FENG Xiao, SHEN Chuan-Liang, WANG Shuo, HU Cui-Song, LI Yan-Yang, YANG Chang-Hai-　. [J]. , 2017, 39(2): 206 -213 .

Research Progress on Low-temperature Characteristics and HeatingTechniques of Vehicle Lithium-ion Battery

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 10

[1]	Zhipeng Jiao, Jian Ma, Xuan Zhao, Kai Zhang, Dean Meng, Qi Han, Zhao Zhang. Research on Short-Time Test Cycle and Method Based on Electric Vehicle Braking Safety Detection [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(1): 109-119.
[2]	Jiangxin Yuan, Liping He, Yaodong Li, Gang Li. Thermal Analysis and Optimization Design of a BMS Slave Unit for Electric Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(1): 128-138.
[3]	Minghui Hu,Guangyao Zhu,Changhe Liu,Guofeng Tang. Joint Estimation of State of Charge for Lithium-Ion Battery with Kalman Filtering and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Networks Considering Hysteresis Characteristics [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(9): 1688-1701.
[4]	Haiqiang Liang,Hongwen He,Kangwei Dai,Bo Pang,Peng Wang. Research on Lithium Ion Battery Life Prediction Method Based on Empirical Aging Model and Mechanism Model for Electric Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(5): 825-835.
[5]	Yapeng Li,Xiaolin Tang,Xiaosong Hu. Study on Eco-driving of PHEVS Based on Hierarchical Control Strategy [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(4): 551-560.
[6]	Zhiheng Wu,Aimin Liu. Switching Functional Hybrid Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Electric Vehicle [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(4): 619-627.
[7]	Lü Youfu,Weiming Luo,Jian Chen,Xihong Wu,Chuanchang Li. An Experimental Investigation on Determination of Specific Heat Capacity of Lithium-ion Batteries by Hierarchical Optimization [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(2): 183-190.
[8]	Guijing Li,Qingkai Gu,Haoxin Yang,Jianqi Huang,Liming Di. Study on Light Weight of Battery Thermal Management System with PA/ EG Coupled Air Cooling [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(2): 209-218.
[9]	Cheng Zhu,Di Liu,Xinyu Teng,Guohua Zhang,Dan Yu,Sha Liu,Ningdan Hu. Comparative Analysis and Forecast Research on Comprehensive Economy of New Energy Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(2): 333-340.
[10]	Qin Li,Jianming Tang,Boyuan Zhang,Yong Chen,Yong Wang. Research on Fault-Tolerant Control of Multi-Actuator for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(12): 2251-2259.
[11]	Zhongwen Zhu,Xin Wang,Weihai Jiang,Cheng Li. Research on Integrated Thermal Management System of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(11): 1991-2000.
[12]	Tianchan Yu,Yuan Wang,Wenxing Shi,Chenjiyu Liang,Xianting Li,Junping Cen,Min Luo. Performance Analysis of a Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles Based on the Three-Fluid Heat Exchanger [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(11): 2001-2013.
[13]	Xinglong Lu,Furen Zhang,Haibo Zhao,Shizheng Sun,Xue Li,Haodong Zhao. Optimized Design and Performance Study of New Liquid Cooling Plate Based on Concentric Circle Structure [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(11): 2058-2069.
[14]	Jichao Hong,Fengwei Liang,Haixu Yang,Kerui Li. Research on Intelligent Safety Management and Control Methods for Big-data-driven Battery Systems [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(10): 1845-1861.
[15]	Junnian Wang,Chunlin Zhang,Mengyuan Zhao,Yue Qiang,Dachang Guo,Fang Yang. Coordinated Shift Control of Hub-Motor Two-Speed Transmission Without Power Interruption [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(10): 1885-1896.