半固态锂电池膨胀特性建模仿真及实验研究

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.12.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

半固态锂电池因其兼具液态电解质的高离子导电率和固态电解质的安全优势，成为新一代航空电源系统的重要选择之一。充放电过程中的膨胀特性是影响电池电化学性能和安全性的重要因素之一，而半固态锂电池充放电过程中的膨胀变形及膨胀力演化规律和机理尚不清晰。本文以一款商用半固态电池为研究对象，通过实验分析了两种不同场景下（恒间隙与自由膨胀）的电池膨胀特性，并建立了半固态锂电池电-热-力多场耦合模型，模拟了不同温度和倍率下电池的膨胀特性变化，仿真结果与实验测试数据吻合良好。实验结果表明：恒间隙条件下，固定约束将负极材料膨胀转化为应力累积；自由膨胀条件下，负极材料膨胀直接以位移形式呈现。在恒流充电阶段，膨胀力或膨胀位移迅速增加，到恒压充电阶段略有下降，在恒流放电阶段其值又逐渐减小。在两种条件下，构建的多场耦合模型仿真与实验值的MAPE分别为4.69%和5.37%（25 ℃，1C）。该结果为预测和控制半固态锂电池机械失效风险，优化机械约束设计提供理论依据。

关键词: 半固态锂电池, 膨胀特性, 电-热-力多场耦合, 建模仿真

Abstract:

Semi-solid-state lithium batteries， combining the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the safety advantages of solid-state electrolytes， have become a critical next-generation power source for aviation systems. The swelling behavior during charge-discharge cycles significantly impacts both electrochemical performance and safety. However， the mechanism and evolution patterns of expansion deformation and swelling force in semi-solid-state batteries remain insufficiently understood. In this study， taking a commercial semi-solid-state battery as the research object， the expansion characteristics under two distinct scenarios of constant-gap constraint and free-expansion conditions are experimentally analyzed. Further an electro-thermal-mechanical coupled model is developed for semi-solid-state lithium batteries to simulate expansion behavior under varying temperatures and C-rates. The simulation results show good agreement with experimental data. The experimental results show that under constant gap conditions， the fixed constraint converts the expansion of negative electrode material into stress accumulation； under free expansion conditions， the expansion of negative electrode material is directly presented in the form of displacement. The expansion force or expansion displacement increases rapidly in the constant-current charging stage， decreases slightly in the constant-voltage charging stage， and then decreases gradually in the constant-current discharging stage. The MAPE of the model simulation and experimental values is 4.69% and 5.37% （at 25 ℃， 1C） under both conditions， respectively. The results provide a theoretical basis for predicting and controlling the mechanical failure risk of semi-solid lithium batteries and optimizing the mechanical constraint design.

Key words: semi-solid-state lithium batteries, swelling behavior, electric-thermal-mechanical coupling, modeling and simulation

孟杰伦,彭俊,赵瑞祥,赵轩,马建,孟德安,王夏恺,姚俊丞. 半固态锂电池膨胀特性建模仿真及实验研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2025, 47(12): 2314-2325.

Jielun Meng,Jun Peng,Ruixiang Zhao,Xuan Zhao,Jian Ma,Dean Meng,Xiakai Wang,Juncheng Yao. Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Study on Swelling Behavior of Semi-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(12): 2314-2325.

图/表 17

表 1

单体电池规格参数"

参数	数值
尺寸（高 $×$ 宽 $×$ 厚）/mm	187 $×$ 87 $× 10.8$
正极极耳宽度/mm	25
负极极耳宽度/mm	25
极耳长度/mm	17
质量/g	418
额定电压/V	3.7
充电截止电压/V	4.2
放电截止电压/V	2.75
额定容量/（A·h）	30
能量密度/（W·h·kg^-1）	>270
正极材料	NCM（532）
负极材料	石墨
液态电解液质量占比/%	8

表 1

图 1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图 9

表2

电化学模型参数"

参数	符号	单位	负极	隔膜	正极
颗粒半径	$r p$	$μ m$	8.5		12.5
电极体积分数	$ε 1$		0.435		0.56
电解液体积分数	$ε 2$		0.28	0.4	0.3
初始电解质浓度	$c$	$m o l / m 3$	1 000	1 000	1 000
最大荷电状态	$S O C m a x$	％	100		98
固相电导率	$σ s$	$S / m$	91		100
最大固相锂浓度	$c s, m a x$	$m o l / m 3$	36 100		30 100
电荷传递系数	$α$		0.5		0.5
锂离子迁移数	$t +$			0.363
Bruggeman系数	$γ$		1.5		1.5
反应速率常数	$k$	$m / s$	5e-10		2e-12
摩尔气体常数	$R$	$J / (m o l ? K)$		8.314 5
法拉第常数	$F$	$C / m o l$		95 485

表2

图 10

图 11

图 12

图 13

图 14

图 15

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