基于结构轻量化的城市客车车身生命周期评价

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.05.016

Abstract

Abstract:

The finite element model for a 12 m monocoque hybrid power city bus is created and the effects of body structure optimization on the energy-saving and emission reduction of the bus are analyzed through strength， stiffness and modal analyses as well as structural lightweighting and life cycle assessment. The results show that compared with original body skeleton， the mass of structurally optimized body skeleton reduces by 52.5 kg and both the strength and stiffness meet the requirements under bending and ultimate torsion conditions with a good natural vibration characteristic. As for the full life cycle， after lightweghting the mining resource consumption reduces by 0.4E04kg Sb-eq.， fossil energy resources consumption reduces by 0.7E04MJ and the overall environment influence factor reduces by 0.42E11， equivalent to a reduction rate of 3.81%， 4.46% and 4.56% respectively.

Key words: city bus, finite element analysis, modal analysis, lightweight analysis, life cycle assessment

Tong Wang,Yiqun Du,Yisong Chen,Rimei Han. Life Cycle Assessment of City Bus Body Based on Structural Lightweighting[J].Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(5): 778-788.

Figures/Tables 30

References 15

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参数	数值
客车（长×宽×高）／mm	11946×2474×3050
客车满载质量／kg	18 000
客车车轮数	6
客车轴距／mm	6 100
客车质心至前/后轮距／mm	3 870/2 270
前/后轮距／mm	2 400/2 380
前/后悬架／mm	1 980/3 190

部件名称	单元类型	部分图解
车身骨架	壳单元
车身连接件	壳单元
车桥/推力杆/连接轴销	梁单元
弹簧阻尼器	弹簧阻尼单元
风窗玻璃/内饰等	质量单元
发动机/变速器等	质量单元

部件	加载形式	质量/kg
发动机	集中质量点	844
前桥	集中质量点	461.9
后桥	集中质量点	857.1
空调机组	集中质量点	200
变速器	集中质量点	371
转向器	集中质量点	59
电池	均布载荷	1 922
散热器	集中质量点	74
驱动电机	集中质量点	50
空气滤清器	集中质量点	28
驾驶员	集中质量点	75
座椅和乘客	集中质量点	3 420
站立乘客	均布载荷	4 985
前风窗玻璃	均布载荷	123.5
后风窗玻璃	均布载荷	42.95
顶部附件	均布载荷	204.2
左右侧围窗	均布载荷	782.3
油箱	均布载荷	420

阶数	频率/Hz
1	9.01
2	9.94
3	13.53
4	14.62
5	15.53
6	18.88
7	18.96
8	20.54
9	22.72
10	23.94

材料	密度/（g·cm^-3）	抗拉强度/MPa	屈服强度/MPa	延伸率/%	弹性模量/GPa	导热系数/ （W·（m·K）^-1）	减振系数
铝合金（6061-T6）	2.70	265	220	3	71	100	5
镁合金（AZ91D）	1.81	250	160	3	45	54	50
高强度钢（510L）	7.87	510	355	26	212	48	15
CFPR	1.60	3 400	1 600		80

Life Cycle Assessment of City Bus Body Based on Structural Lightweighting

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技术类型	定义	特点
激光拼焊板技术	将不同厚度或不同材质及不同表面状态的钢板拼接在一起，在冲压制造后，和其他零件一起完成整车装配。	减轻质量增加安全性减少零件数量减少生产成本和投入减少生产流程量身定做
辊压成型技术	该工艺依靠材料在塑性状态下的形状变化加工各种较复杂的零件。	生产效率高节约材料减轻质量产品强度高质量稳定
高强钢热成型技术	钢板里面同时存在温度与应力变化且不断相互作用的过程	高减质量潜力高碰撞吸能高疲劳强度高成型性
液压成型技术	利用液体压力或模具使零件塑性成型的过程	制件表面质量好减少工序简化模具无需特殊的冲压设备

部件名称	变量名	初值/mm	最小值/mm	最大值/mm
前段横梁	S1	3	1.5	4
前段纵梁	S2	4	2	5
中段横梁	S3	3	2	4
中段纵梁	S4	3	1.5	4
后段横梁	S5	3	1.5	4
后段纵梁	S6	2	1.5	3
前段末横梁	S7	3	1.5	4

所需设备	设备功率/kW	电能/（MJ·kg^-1）	热能（天然气）/（m³·kg^-1）
线切割机	10	0.696
连续辊底式退火炉			0.08
立式双曲线辊式矫直机	43×2	1.634
锤头设备	17	1.231
烘干机			0.32
链式冷拔机	65	8.298
电焊机	50	0.61

５种环境影响类型	GWP	AP	EP	POCP	ODP
基准值	4.18E+13	2.39E+11	1.58E+11	3.68E+10	2.27E+08
单位	kg CO₂-eq.	kg SO₂-eq.	kg Phosphate-eq.	kg Ethene-eq.	kg CFC-eq.

环境影响类型	权重
GWP	0.274 692 285
AP	0.180 726 509
EP	0.088 862 204
POCP	0.181 026 719
ODP	0.274 692 285

类型	阶段	ADP（e）	ADP（f）	GWP	AP	EP	POCP	ODP
轻量化前	I	2.41E-003	3.34E004	3.18E003	7.08	0.617	1.29	1.11E-005
	II	4.87E-004	6.30E004	5.40E003	18.10	1.49	1.77	8.26E-10
	III	2.83E-004	8.16E004	1.78E003	8.59	0.635	0.935	2.68E-10
	IV	-2.13E-003	-2.13E004	-2.28E003	-3.92	-0.374	-0.928	-1.01E-005
	V	1.05E-003	1.57E005	8.08E003	29.85	2.37	3.07	1.00E-006
轻量化后	I	2.31E-003	3.20E004	3.04E003	6.78	0.591	1.23	1.06E-005
	II	4.66E-004	6.02E004	5.16E003	17.30	1.43	1.69	7.92E-010
	III	2.71E-004	7.81E004	1.71E003	8.23	0.608	0.895	2.57E-010
	IV	-2.04E-003	-2.04E004	-2.19E003	-3.75	-0.358	-0.889	-9.64E-006
	V	1.01E-003	1.50E005	7.72E003	28.56	2.27	2.93	9.61E-007

类型	阶段	GWP	AP	EP	POCP	ODP	综合环境影响值
轻量化前	I	2.09E-11	5.35E-12	3.47E-13	6.35E-12	1.34E-14	3.29E-11
	II	3.54E-11	1.37E-11	8.38E-13	8.71E-12	9.99E-19	5.87E-11
	III	1.17E-11	6.50E-12	3.57E-13	4.60E-12	3.34E-19	2.32E-11
	IV	-1.49E-11	-2.96E-12	-2.11E-13	-4.56E-12	-1.22E-14	-2.26E-11
	V	5.31E-11	2.26E-11	1.33E-12	1.51E-11	1.20E-15	9.22E-11
轻量化后	I	2.00E-11	5.13E-12	3.23E-13	6.05E-12	1.28E-14	3.15E-11
	II	3.39E-11	1.31E-11	8.04E-13	8.31E-12	9.58E-19	5.61E-11
	III	1.12E-11	6.22E-12	3.42E-13	4.40E-12	3.11E-19	2.22E-11
	IV	-1.44E-11	-2.84E-12	-2.01E-13	-4.37E-12	-1.11E-14	-2.18E-11
	V	5.07E-11	2.16E-11	1.27E-12	1.44E-11	1.10E-15	8.80E-11

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