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Table of Content

    25 January 2021, Volume 43 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    A Data-driven SOC Prediction Scheme for Traction Battery in Electric Vehicles
    Jie Hu,Zhiwen Gao
    2021, 43 (1):  1-9.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.001
    Abstract ( 564 )   HTML ( 36 )   PDF (1954KB) ( 638 )   Save

    In order to accurately predict the energy consumption of traction battery in electric vehicle (EV) and alleviate the mileage anxiety of drivers, a data?driven SOC prediction model for the traction battery in EV is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the composition of energy consumption in EVs is analyzed and the influencing factors of energy consumption are extracted. Then based on the vehicle operation data collected by the CAN bus of an EV with machine learning algorithm adopted, an energy consumption model based on temperature stratification is proposed and the macro data and micro data is fused to reduce errors. Finally, the model is used to verify the SOC data provided by on-board BMS. The results show that the model has a good prediction result, providing a scientific decision support for optimizing the energy control strategy of EVs and alleviating driver’s mileage anxiety.

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    Battery State⁃of⁃Health Estimation by Using Metabolic Extreme Learning Machine
    Lin Chen,Huimin Wang,Yijing Li,Mo Zhang,Jiang Huang,Haihong Pan
    2021, 43 (1):  10-18.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.002
    Abstract ( 259 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1599KB) ( 439 )   Save

    In view of the low state of health (SOH) estimation accuracy of lithium?ion battery due to the complexity of internal electro?chemical reaction of battery, the poor generalization of the algorithm or the small amount of available data samples, a strongly generalized degradation state model of batteries is constructed based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) to describe the common degradation regularities of different batteries. Moreover, the metabolic mechanism is introduced to update the input data of the degradation state model and then to realize the metabolic estimation of SOH, which reduces the demand for the amount of input data, while ensuring the accuracy of estimation. The method proposed is verified by using the measured data of two batteries with different materials under different working conditions. The results show that the method proposed can accurately estimate the SOH of battery with only four data samples, and the estimation errors are no more than 2.18%.

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    An Overall Estimation of State⁃of⁃Charge Based on SOC⁃OCV Optimization Curve and EKF for Lithium⁃ion Battery
    Xin Lai,Yunfei Li,Yuejiu Zheng,Jingjing Wang,Tao Zhou Long Sun
    2021, 43 (1):  19-26.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.003
    Abstract ( 296 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (2464KB) ( 538 )   Save

    The SOC?OCV curve is the basis of the state estimation for lithium?ion battery. To solve the problems of failure of the traditional HPPC test method to describe the nonlinear characteristics of the battery at non?test points and the low accuracy of the OCV curve by the small?constant?current discharge method, an OCV curve optimization method based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. In this method, the OCV curve by the small?constant?current discharge method is translated, and the OCV curve is optimized by minimizing the sum of error between the translation curve at the test point and the OCV value obtained by HPPC test. Then, the model parameters of the second?order RC model are identified and the model terminal voltage is estimated based on the optimized OCV curve. The experimental results show that the overall model accuracy based on the optimized OCV curve is higher than that based on HPPC, and the former is twice the accuracy of the latter in the low SOC region. Finally, based on the optimized OCV curve and identified model parameters, an EKF algorithm is designed to estimate the SOC in the whole SOC region. The test results show that the SOC estimation error based on the optimized OCV curve and EKF algorithm can keep within 2% over the whole SOC region.

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    Structure Optimization of Helical Valve and Its Influence on Combustion Performance of an Unthrottled SI Engine
    Kang Han,Yingjie Chang,Zongfa Xie,Peige Fang,Jinqun Zhang Kun Zhang
    2021, 43 (1):  27-33.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.004
    Abstract ( 196 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1740KB) ( 288 )   Save

    Due to the change of air intake mode, the pumping loss of port injection (PI) unthrottled SI engine at medium and low loads is significantly reduced but its combustion performance is obviously deteriorated. In order to improve the combustion performance, a helical valve which can generate strong swirl in the intake process is designed, and the main structural parameters of the helical valve are optimized with the simulation software STAR-CCM+. The intake swirl ratio and the flow coefficient are measured on the steady flow test bench, which proves that the helical valve can generate strong intake swirl at small lift and improve the air intake flow state and fuel air mixing in the cylinder of the unthrottled SI engine. The helical valves are installed in an unthrottled SI engine with fully variable hydraulic valve system. The test results show that the intake swirl generated by the helical valve significantly improves the combustion rate of the unthrottled SI engine under low and medium load conditions and reduces cycle fluctuations, so that the fuel economy performance has been significantly improved.

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    Study on the Influence of Coolant Flow Uniformity on the Thermal Deformation of Cylinder Liner
    Yuhua Bi,Siji Chen,Guozhong Yao,Meiyuan Chen,Lizhong Shen,Kailue Xia
    2021, 43 (1):  34-43.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.005
    Abstract ( 211 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3172KB) ( 335 )   Save

    The coolant flow characteristics and the temperatures of the key locations of cylinder head and cylinder liner in a high?pressure common rail diesel engine are measured on test bench to provide the boundary conditions for thermal analysis. The fluid?solid coupling model for cylinder head, cylinder liners, coolant and cylinder block is established and the effects of coolant flow uniformity on thermal deformation of cylinder liner are studied by applying fluid?solid coupling heat transfer method, with the coolant flow characteristics in the water distribution holes of cylinder block and in the water holes of cylinder head are optimized. The results show that the cooling unevenness coefficient in optimized water jacket is reduced by 9.78% on average, the highest temperature of the water jacket in cylinder head and cylinder liner is lowered by 8.64% and 2.03% respectively, and the maximum thermal deformation of cylinder liner is decreased by 1.10%.

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    Control‑Oriented Modeling and Experimental Study of Thermal Regeneration Efficiency of Diesel Particulate Filter
    Tiexiong Huang,Guangdi Hu,Zhongwei Meng,Dongjian Zeng
    2021, 43 (1):  44-49.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.006
    Abstract ( 201 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1512KB) ( 345 )   Save

    Real?time and accurate on?line estimation of the thermal regeneration efficiency of diesel particulate filter (DPF) can provide the judgment basis for the control of the end of DPF thermal regeneration, and it is a key function of realizing systematic and efficient application of DPF. In this paper, a calculation model of the DPF thermal regeneration efficiency is discussed and established based on the oxidation mechanism of soot particles in the DPF during the thermal regeneration period. The chemical reaction kinetic parameters of the model are checked and identified by engine bench test. It is derived that the oxidation reaction order of the DPF thermal regeneration is α=1 and the activation energy parameter is Ea =107.5 kJ/mol. The test results of steady?state conditions on the bench and actual road driving conditions show that the maximum calculation error of the regeneration efficiency model is 5.6%, which can meet the engineering requirements and provide a meaningful reference for accurate judgment of regeneration ending in DPF thermal regeneration.

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    A Real⁃time Detection Model for Multi⁃task Traffic Objects Based on Humanoid Vision
    Jun Liu,Lanlei Li Hanbing Chen
    2021, 43 (1):  50-58.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.007
    Abstract ( 231 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3751KB) ( 281 )   Save

    In view of that in complex traffic scenes the single model can't carry out unified detection of drivable region and traffic objects concurrently and the poor real?time performance of detection, a single?stage detection model for multi?task traffic object based on humanoid vision is proposed in this paper, achieving the unified detection of drivable region, vehicle and pedestrian concurrently in real time.Firstly, a humanoid vision attention mechanism is established for supervision and lightweight model MobileNetV3 is adopted as a framework. Then the idea of feature pyramid network (FPN) is utilized to detect drivable region. Finally, dynamic attention algorithm and the idea of anchor?free are used to detect traffic object. The experimental results show that the attention mechanism of driver's eyes introduced obviously enhance the accuracy and robustness of the model and the average calculation speed of the model in real vehicle reaches 12 f/s.

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    Lane‑change Behavior Decision‑making of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Imitation Learning and Reinforcement Learning
    Xiaolin Song,Xin Sheng,Haotian Cao,Mingjun Li,Binlin Huang Zhi Yi
    2021, 43 (1):  59-67.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.008
    Abstract ( 721 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (3042KB) ( 1149 )   Save

    A lane?change behavior decision?making method of the intelligent vehicle is proposed based on imitation learning and reinforcement learning, in which the macro decision?making module constructs the extreme gradient boosting model through imitation learning, and selects the macro instructions (lane?keeping, left lane?change and right lane?change) according to the input information, so as to determine the sub?problem of lane?change behavior decision that need to be solved. Each detailed decision?making sub?module acquires its optimized strategy through the reinforcement learning of deep deterministic strategy gradient to solve the corresponding sub?problem for determining the movement target position of ego?vehicle and sending to lower?level modules for execution. Simulation results show that the strategy learning speed of the proposed method is faster than that of pure reinforcement learning, and its comprehensive performance is better than that of finite state machine, behavior clone imitation learning and pure reinforcement learning.

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    Brake by Wire Pressure Sliding Mode Control Based on Visual Recognition
    Mingming Qiu,Longkai Cao,Kang Huang,Yilei Zhang,Hao Liu
    2021, 43 (1):  68-76.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.009
    Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2407KB) ( 277 )   Save

    Brake safety is one of the key technologies for vehicle active safety. Braking decision and actuator control are two main factors that affect the performance of the brake by wire system. Road surface adaptability and controller robustness have important influence on braking decision and actuator control respectively, restricting the development of brake by wire system. In this paper, based on a hydraulic brake by wire system, a double-layer structure brake system controller is proposed to solve the problems of road surface adaptability and controller robustness. The upper layer uses computer vision to identify the type of road surface, and formulates the optimal slip rate of the current road surface according to the recognition result; the lower layer introduces the sliding mode control theory in track and control of the optimal slip rate during the braking process to solve the problem of brake system parameters uncertainty. Through simulation and experimental verification, the results show that the double-layer structure brake system controller has better road surface adaptability, shorter braking distance and better controller robustness than the traditional controller.

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    Joint Detection of Pedestrian and Rider Based on Diversity Region Prediction
    Yanqiu Xiao,Kun Zhou,Guangzhen Cui,Zhanpeng Fang,Qidi Liu Yanqi Sun
    2021, 43 (1):  77-85.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.010
    Abstract ( 335 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (2229KB) ( 352 )   Save

    Aiming at the problem that autonomous vehicles tend to confuse pedestrians and riders in the process of environmental perception, a joint detection method to effectively distinguish pedestrians and riders is proposed in this paper, with an improvement made based on faster region convolutional neural networks. Firstly, a subnetwork is added to extract the shape feature channel of images, which is then aggregated with the feature map generated by the backbone network, and the additional shape semantic channels are used for assisting the detector to distinguish the pedestrian and rider features. Then, a diversity region prediction unit is constructed to distinguish the distinct parts between pedestrians and riders and the suggested regions are divided into several parts with their confidence calculated, which is then used to determine the weight of part feature. Finally, the part features are aggregated with main?body feature and are sent to classifier for classification. The results of test on both pedestrian - rider data set built in this paper and open Caltech data set show that the improved detection method has relatively high detection accuracy, and the situations of the rider being mis?detected as pedestrian are effectively reduced.

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    Vehicle Wind Noise Prediction and Control Based on Direct CAA and SEA
    Qiliang Wang,Xin Chen,Yingchao Zhang,Qingqing Guan,Yanjie Zhang,Yanjin Zhang,Qinglong Lin
    2021, 43 (1):  86-93.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.011
    Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (3325KB) ( 282 )   Save

    The prediction and control on the wind noise of a SUV is studied in this paper. Firstly, the characteristics of wind noise source and transmission path are analyzed based on wind tunnel test, and it is found that the leakage noise is mainly produced in the mid?to?high frequency range above 500 Hz, the underbody wind noise is mainly concentrated in the mid?to?low frequency range below 800 Hz, while for outer shape noise, the contribution of wind noise transmitted by the roof and four doors is higher than that of the fender. Then the shape noise is simulated based on the aeroacoustics direct calculation and statistical energy analysis, and the influence of turbulence model, mesh size and wave number analysis mode on the accuracy of wind noise simulation is analyzed by combining wind tunnel test. The results show that the attenuation of high?frequency wind noise with large eddy simulation (LES) is less than that with improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES), and both the accuracy and the calculation efficiency of high?frequency wind noise simulation with LES are higher than that with IDDES. The comparison of different mesh size within the allowable range of computing resources indicate that with the smallest mesh size of 2 mm, the cut?off frequency of the sound pressure level at side window can reach up to 2 000 Hz. As for the modes of wavenumber analysis, the single?area wavenumber analysis underestimates the energy of mid?to?low frequency wind noise with low accuracy, while in multi?area wavenumber analysis, the area with lower sound energy has less influence on simulation accuracy. Finally, based on contribution analysis, two improving schemes are proposed: reducing the thickness of the support arm of rearview mirror and installing the rearview mirror on the door. As a result, with two improving schemes the overall sound pressure level in the vehicle is reduced by 1.38 and 1.93 dB, and the speech articulation is increased by 0.4% and 1.1% respectively.

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    An Optimization Scheme of Crash Compatibility for MPDB Test in C⁃NCAP
    Heping Song,Weitao Xu,Guangxi liu,Gebo He,Lide Yuan
    2021, 43 (1):  94-98.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.012
    Abstract ( 414 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3542KB) ( 359 )   Save

    In this paper, the test condition of crash with mobile progressive deformable barrier (MPDB) first defined in C?NCAP(2021) is presented, the evaluation indicators for crash compatibility are introduced and an optimization scheme of crash compatibility for MPDB crash condition is proposed. The results of simulation analysis and verification show that the optimization scheme can apparently enhance the score of crash compatibility with strong applicability.

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    Effects of Loading Position on Thoracic Responses of Hybrid Ⅲ Dummy
    Weijie Ma,Zhixin Liu,Xiangyu Cheng,Binhui Jiang
    2021, 43 (1):  99-104.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.013
    Abstract ( 308 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1280KB) ( 272 )   Save

    The national automotive safety regulations and new car assessment program(NCAP) tests in most countries in the world use the maximum chest compression of Hybrid Ⅲ dummy to evaluate the protective effect of vehicle on occupant's thorax. However, the maximum chest compression of the Hybrid Ⅲ dummy's thorax is measured at a fix point, so the measurement results are easily affected by loading position. In view of the problem, the effects of loading position on Hybrid Ⅲ dummy's chest compression are studied through the low?speed impact calibration test of dummy's thorax in this paper. The results indicate that the maximum chest compression of Hybrid Ⅲ 50th male dummy is linearly negatively correlated(R2 = 0.9554) with the deviation in the Z direction from the pendulum impact center specified in regulation. For Hybrid Ⅲ 5th female dummy,though the impact position still has significant effects on the maximum compression of chest, but due to the effects of breast,the correlation between the maximum chest compression of female dummy's thorax and impact position is not as apparent as that of male dummy. Finally, the correlation formula between the maximum chest compression of Hybrid Ⅲ 50th male dummy and impact position obtained in calibration test is used to correct the maximum compression of the dummy's thorax in real vehicle crash tests with two different seat belt wearing positions.

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    A Vehicle Braking Control Method for Reducing Pedestrian⁃Ground Impact Injury
    Tiefang Zou,Zhuzi Liu,Jing Xiao,Qi Liu
    2021, 43 (1):  105-112.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.014
    Abstract ( 334 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1742KB) ( 365 )   Save

    In order to reduce the pedestrian?ground impact injury in vehicle pedestrian collisions, a vehicle braking control strategy is proposed. The strategy releases the vehicle brake after the first contact between pedestrian head and vehicle, and then completely brakes the vehicle again according to some rules until the vehicle stops. Ten vehicle models, two braking methods (full braking and control braking) and a virtual test system (including 3 speeds ×4 pedestrian sizes ×2 pedestrian gaits) are selected to conduct all?together 480 simulation tests with MADYMO.The results show that the control braking method can reduce the pedestrian?ground impact injury without aggravating vehicle damage, and can shorten the distance between the vehicle and the first landing point of human body to within 1 m in 83.75% cases. Furthermore, the influence of vehicle type and impact speed on the protective effect of control braking method, the law of time?interval between first pedestrian?vehicle contact and re?full braking of vehicle and the reasons of injury aggravation in controlling braking are discussed, providing technical support for the further development of more practical and efficient braking control strategy in the future.

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    Lightweight Design of Automotive Sound Package
    Zhonghua Tang,Yansong He,Tao Ma,Zhifei Zhang,Hongjie Pu,Yun Li,Zhao Chen
    2021, 43 (1):  113-120.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.015
    Abstract ( 274 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1314KB) ( 386 )   Save

    This paper aims to study the lightweight design of automotive sound package, requesting its mass as light as possible while ensuring its acoustic performance. Firstly, statistical energy analysis is utilized to build a vehicle model covering vehicle body structure and all sound cavities, and the sound radiation excitation of engine compartment, the powertrain excitation and the pulsation pressure excitation of body surface at an 80 km/h cruising condition are extracted and applied on the model to obtain the sound pressure of driver's head cavity, which agree well with the test results, verifying the validity of the model. Then the contributions of all subsystems to the sound pressure of driver's head cavity are analyzed, and based on which the improvement schemes for the sound packages of inner front bulkhead and front floor panel are proposed. Finally, with the thickness of each panel in improvement schemes as variables, the total sound pressure level of driver's head cavity and the total mass of two sound packages as objectives, the kriging surrogate models are constructed, and the multi-objective genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the panel thicknesses of two sound packages. After optimization, the total mass of two sound packages reduces by 20.76% without worsening the acoustic performance of two sound packages.

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    Lightweight Design for the Front⁃end Structure of BIW Based on the Combination of the Design of Experiment and PSI Decision Tool
    Dengfeng Wang,Shenhua Li
    2021, 43 (1):  121-128.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.016
    Abstract ( 276 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1742KB) ( 359 )   Save

    A lightweight design strategy combining design of experiments and PSI decision tool is proposed to improve the efficiency of BIW lightweight design. First of all, a finite element analysis on the basic static?dynamic performance and the frontal collision safety performance of BIW is conducted and the correctness of the finite element model is verified by vehicle frontal crash test. Then the design variables for the front?end structure of the BIW are screened in by using contribution analysis technique. Next, the lightweight candidate solutions for the front?end structure of the BIW are obtained through the design of experiments. Finally, PSI method is used to make multi?objective decision from numerous lightweight candidate solutions to obtain the best lightweight solution. The results show that after lightweight design the mass of front?end structure of BIW is reduced by 4.43 kg, corresponding to a lightweighting rate of 7.23 %, while the performance of BIW meets the design baseline requirements.

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    Experimental Study on Vibration of a Pure Electric Bus with a Planetary Gearbox
    Bangji Zhang,Xiang Lin,Bohuan Tan,Shaohua Wang,Mengyuan Jin Qiutan Zeng
    2021, 43 (1):  129-135.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.017
    Abstract ( 185 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1698KB) ( 222 )   Save

    The planetary gearbox can provide a desired transmission ratio for the vehicle transmission system,whereas it affects the vibration characteristics of the vehicle. In this paper, the vibration test of an electric bus equipped with a planetary gearbox is carried out to study the vehicle vibration characteristics by methods of weighted acceleration root?mean?square evaluation, frequency spectrum analysis, coherent analysis and order analysis. After that, the comparative analysis with the central direct drive electric bus is conducted to evaluate the impact of planetary gearbox on the vibration comfort of the electric bus. The results indicate that equipping a gearbox helps the motor to achieve optimal working condition, which significantly improves the vibration comfort of the rear interior of the bus. However, the sun gear eccentric leads to a modulation sideband in the vibration signal of the middle interior of the bus, whose modulation frequency is the rotation frequency of the planet carrier, which affects the vibration comfort of the middle part of the bus to some extent.

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    Pitching‑Plane Dynamics Model of Heavy Truck Cab Considering Constraints of Guiding Swing Arm
    Leilei Zhao,Yuewei Yu,Changcheng Zhou,Dehui Huang,Jian Yuan
    2021, 43 (1):  136-144.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.018
    Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (2486KB) ( 250 )   Save

    The traditional cab pitching?plane dynamics model doesn't consider the effects of swing arm guiding mechanism in cab mount, and can only roughly calculate the cab's vertical and pitching responses, but can't analyze its longitudinal vibration characteristics, thus its accuracy is relatively low with limited real engineering application. To enhance the model accuracy and widen its application scope, a cab pitching?plane dynamics model considering the constraint of guiding swing arm is established, and the constraint characteristics of swing arm guiding mechanism are analyzed. On this basis, the dynamics model constructed is verified by road test. The results show that the model constructed has higher accuracy and wider engineering application range, it can more effectively reproduce the real dynamic responses of cab system. Furthermore, the model can be used not only for the analysis of the cab's vertical, pitching, and longitudinal vibration characteristics, but also for the development of the cab mount control strategies considering the cab's longitudinal vibration comfort, as well as for the estimation of the swing angles of guiding arm and shock absorber, and other dynamics parameters of the cab mount system etc.

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    Optimization Design of Tire for Enhancing Vehicle Road Noise Performance
    Fengling Gao,Yuan Wu,Xiaobing Bu,Nan Zhan,Xiaokai Chen
    2021, 43 (1):  145-151.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.01.019
    Abstract ( 287 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2748KB) ( 410 )   Save

    In order to enhance the road noise performance of vehicle, an optimization on tire parameters is conducted in this paper based on virtual proving ground (VPG) technique and metamodel?based optimization method. The vehicle road noise simulation environment is established through integrating the road spectrum obtained by VPG scanning, CDTire model and vehicle sound?structure coupling model. An optimization model is constructed by combining optimal Latin hypercube sampling, Kriging surrogate model and multi?island genetic algorithm, with the key physical parameters of tire as design variables, the root mean square of sound pressure level at driver's outer ear as the objective of optimization and the root mean square of three?direction resultant acceleration at the measured points as the constraints, an optimization on tire is carried out. After optimization, the vehicle noise in the whole frequency range is effectively improved while the vibration at the measured points meeting the requirements.

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