Table of Content

25 September 2021, Volume 43 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Select

Research on Technical and Economic Evaluation System of Intelligent Connected Vehicles Based on Patent Analysis Yisong Chen,Yunxiang Xing,Xiaoqin Xiong,Libo Lan,Ying Cao,Yongtao Liu 2021, 43 (9):  1271-1277.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.001 Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (535KB) ( 382 )   Save This paper aims to study the technical and economic evaluation system of intelligent connected vehicles based on key patent technology analysis. Firstly， from the perspective of patent， the development trends of key technologies covering environment perception， decision control， V2X communication， cloud platform and big data technology of intelligent connected vehicle enterprises are analyzed. Then by applying the statistical methods such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and data envelopment， the technical and economic evaluation models of intelligent connected vehicle product are constructed， and several intelligent connected vehicles are chosen to conduct technical evaluation in terms of demand， practicality， economy and serviceability and economic evaluation in terms of five input and output indicators respectively. This study provides important basis and supports for the technical route planning， policy formulation， technological innovation and new product development of intelligent connected vehicles and related enterprises. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Blockchain Technology and Its Application in Automotive Field Guangyu Zhu,Fuquan Zhao,Han Hao,Zongwei Liu 2021, 43 (9):  1278-1284.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.002 Abstract ( 378 )   HTML ( 42 )   PDF (1730KB) ( 420 )   Save The natures of decentralization， transparency and trust of blockchain technology bring an opportunity to solve the current problems in automotive industry： user privacy leakage， and poor service， opacity and irregularity in maintenance etc. The key to the application of blockchain in automotive field lies in the construction and fusion of vehicle ID and user credit system， and creating vehicle ID and completely recording the key information of the vehicle in its manufacturing and operation process will promote the normalization of the traditional automotive industrial chain， establish a reliable quality control system and optimized inventory dynamic management system for vehicle enterprises， and provide better services in repair， maintenance and used vehicle trading for users. By linking the vehicle ID and personal credit system in blockchain system， the original car sharing procedure can be reformed. In the future， the blockchain， as an underlying technology， combining with peripheral technologies such as internet of things and big data will achieve the safe interconnection of different intelligent equipment， and continuously enhance the processing capacity of blockchain technology to accelerate its application to autonomous driving and smart transportation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Estimation Method of State of Health of Lithium Battery Based on Surface Temperature and Incremental Capacity Mingqiang Lin,Denggao Wu,Gengfeng Zheng,Ji Wu 2021, 43 (9):  1285-1290.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.003 Abstract ( 214 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (2110KB) ( 304 )   Save In this paper， a state of health （SOH） estimation method based on the surface temperature and incremental capacity of battery is proposed. The differential temperature curves during constant charging are analyzed， from which three geometric features are extracted as health factors， and combined with the peak value of incremental capacity curve as the input of BP neural network to establish a model for SOH estimation. The results of the test verify the effectiveness of the method， and the average error of SOH estimation is less than 2%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Prediction on Battery State of Health of Electric Vehicles Based on Real Vehicle Data Jie Hu,Xueling Zhu,Chen He,Guangyu Yang 2021, 43 (9):  1291-1299.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.004 Abstract ( 305 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (3180KB) ( 404 )   Save In view of that most of the existing battery state of health （SOH） prediction schemes are based on the experimental data obtained in the laboratory with limited conditions， and the poor accuracy of single indicator prediction， a machine learning model is constructed based on the analysis on real vehicle operating data and the extraction of battery health state factors， with the battery capacity， internal resistance and cell consistency as its features， to achieve accurate prediction of battery SOH with multiple indicators. Aiming at the problems of the incomplete interval of real vehicle data and the large interval of segments， an adaptive state estimation method is proposed. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA?II） is used to conduct a multi-objective （accuracy and efficiency） optimization， with the optimal voltage interval obtained and the accuracy of variable interval estimation of battery capacity enhanced. The results show that the method proposed can effectively achieve the accurate prediction of battery SOH based on real vehicle data， with the maximum mean absolute error of test set less than 2% when using 5?fold cross validation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of High Compression Ratio Gasoline Engine Based on Two⁃stage High Energy Ignition and Passive Pre⁃chamber Jiaye Shi,Jinqiu Wang,Jun Deng,Xinke Miao,Yihui Liu,Liguang Li 2021, 43 (9):  1300-1307.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.005 Abstract ( 136 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (4337KB) ( 200 )   Save Based on a naturally aspirated in?cylinder direct?injection gasoline engine， the influence of high energy ignition， passive pre?chamber， and the combination of the two on the engine's combustion and emission characteristics under stoichiometric and lean burn conditions is studied. The results show that high energy ignition combined with passive pre?chamber can significantly reduce cyclic variation， shorten ignition delay and combustion duration， and improve thermal efficiency under low load conditions. The passive pre?chamber with high?energy ignition can slightly expand the lean burn limit from 1.4 to between 1.5 and 1.6； under stoichiometric conditions， the relative increase of thermal efficiency can reach up to 17.9%. Under heavy load conditions， high?energy ignition combined with ordinary spark plugs or passive pre?combustion chambers will not significantly improve the combustion performance. In terms of emission， high?energy ignition has less impact on emission performance， while passive pre?chamber has a more significant impact on emission. Under low load conditions， passive pre?chamber tends to reduce NOx emission； under medium and heavy load conditions， passive pre?combustion chamber tends to increase NOx emission. Under various loads， the HC emission of the passive pre?combustion chamber is slightly higher than that of ordinary spark plugs due to flame quenching and fuel hitting the pre?chamber wall. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on On⁃line Temperature Estimating Algorithm of SCR System Guangzhao Yue,Zhenmao Sun,Guangdong Tian 2021, 43 (9):  1308-1313.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.006 Abstract ( 132 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1196KB) ( 213 )   Save In order to obtain the reactor temperature of the diesel selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system of the diesel engine in real time， based on analysis of the heat transfer process of the SCR system， the Matlab/Simulink model of temperature estimating algorithm is established. RTW is used to convert the temperature estimating algorithm into executable embedded codes of single chip microcomputer ， which are downloaded to the SCR control unit. The test results show that the proposed model is suitable for the SCR control unit and can predict the catalyst internal temperature and downstream temperature on line. The relative error between the calculated value of the model and the measured value is less than 5% under steady and continuous conditions； the maximum relative error is 5.2% under step conditions； under the vehicle test condition， the maximum relative error is 9.3% and the probability distribution with a relative error of less than 6% reaches 91%. The algorithm can be used to guide urea injection， and improve urea injection accuracy of the SCR system. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Personalized Lane Change Triggering Based on Traffic Risk Assessment Naixuan Zhu,Zhenhai Gao,Hongyu Hu,Lü Ying,Weiguang Zhao 2021, 43 (9):  1314-1321.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.007 Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1794KB) ( 394 )   Save Based on the results of risk assessment， how to trigger a safe， reasonable and personalized autonomous lane change is a research hotspot in the field of autonomous driving. In this paper， based on the theory of artificial potential field， the static and dynamic risk fields of obstacles are established to evaluate the risks around the vehicle. Then， the lane change data in the daily driving data of driver is extracted and analyzed to get the personalized lane change triggering. The results of real vehicle test show that using this method can well evaluate the risks in traffic environment and achieve the personalized lane change triggering. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Multi⁃feature Particle Filter Vehicle Tracking Algorithm Based on Improved Moth⁃flaming Optimization He Huang,Kun Wu,Xinrui Li,Jun Wang,Huifeng Wang,Feng Ru 2021, 43 (9):  1322-1327.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.008 Abstract ( 270 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (2150KB) ( 179 )   Save To solve the problems of poor tracking accuracy and sample impoverishment of particle filter algorithm in vehicle tracking application， a multi-feature particle filter vehicle tracking algorithm based on adaptive mutation update strategy and moth-flaming optimization is proposed. Firstly， the tracking stability of the particle filter algorithm in complex scene is improved by combining the complementary characteristics of target texture and color features. Secondly， the adaptive weight is introduced into the spiral update strategy of the moth by changing the update mechanism of the moth-flaming optimization， and then the random mutation strategy is updated alternately to increase the search space of the algorithm， so that the algorithm can search the global optimum more quickly. Finally， the sample particles are layered according to the threshold and the improved moth-flaming optimization is used to optimize the distribution of low weight particles to avoid sample impoverishment. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the performance of particle filter algorithm in the case of low sample particle number， and can still track the target vehicle stably and accurately in the complex background of shadow， occlusion， scale and angle change. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Vehicle Positioning Method Based on Tight Coupling of Vehicle Model in Enclosed Environments Xiaohui Qin,Zhewen Wang,Tao Pang,Weiqing Shi,Ning Sun,Manjiang Hu 2021, 43 (9):  1328-1335.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.009 Abstract ( 301 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (2621KB) ( 328 )   Save Autonomous positioning is a fundamental capability of autonomous vehicles. Global navigation satellite system （GNSS） can provide positioning solutions in open environments， however， in enclosed environments， such as ports or industrial parks， environmental factors such as high?density vegetation and buildings will lead to instability of GNSS signals， thus affecting positioning accuracy and posing a serious threat to the safety of the automatic driving system. In order to solve this problem， this paper presents an automatic driving positioning method that integrates light detection and ranging （LiDAR） and inertial measurement unit （IMU）. A vehicle kinematics model is introduced to constrain the orientation of vehicle poses optimization， at the same time， the system residuals are built by using the modular design idea， which are optimized jointly based on tight coupling method to obtain the accurate pose of the vehicle. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the positioning accuracy and robustness of autonomous vehicles in weak GNSS signal environments. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Sensitivity Analysis Method of Vehicle Drag Coefficient Xin Zheng,Donghai Su 2021, 43 (9):  1336-1342.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.010 Abstract ( 213 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2120KB) ( 292 )   Save Through the theoretical derivation of drag coefficient sensitivity， the key locations of car body styling surface affecting drag coefficient are found out. According to the sensitivities obtained， automatic deformation technology is adopted to realize the grid self?learning and self?judgment of the changes of styling surface affecting drag coefficient， and finally achieve the goal of automatic optimization of vehicle aerodynamic drag. By the drag coefficient sensitivity analysis for a SUV， the effectiveness of the application of the sensitivity analysis and automatic deformation technology to the calculation of aerodynamic drag coefficient is verified. The method can reach the preset target value of drag coefficient without manual involvement in the whole process of calculation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Modeling and Simulation of Driveline Clunk in Vehicle with Dual⁃Clutch Transmission Zhijun Zhang,Yu Tang,Xianwu Yang,Xiong Tian,Jianchun Xu 2021, 43 (9):  1343-1349.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.011 Abstract ( 160 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (3602KB) ( 340 )   Save A full?order clunk model for the driveline of a vehicle with dual clutch transmission is established based on AMESim simulation platform， with its accuracy verified by test. The clunk responses of all backlashes in driveline are analysed under the 4th gear tip?in condition， and it is found that some unloaded components are also the major contributions to clunk besides the loaded ones. By analysing the motion relationship between system components， the potential influencing parameters are determined， and the effects of each parameter on system clunk are revealed. Finally， the results show that engine torque is the most dominant influencing parameter on system clunk， and the control on the rising slope of engine torque is the important means of reducing clunk. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on AEB Control Strategy of a Heavy Tractor-Semitrailer Combination Based on BP Neural Network Algorithm Prediction Xiangjing Guo,Pan Sun,Jie Deng,Yong Liu,Zhuang Liu,Shuangping Liu 2021, 43 (9):  1350-1359.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.012 Abstract ( 246 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (3250KB) ( 331 )   Save The promulgation of the standard on the performance requirements and test method of autonomous emergency baking （AEB） for commercial vehicles in China promotes the development and application of AEB in the field of commercial vehicles. In view of the long braking distance and high mass center height of tractor-semitrailer combination， an AEB control strategy based on time to collision （TTC） predicted by BP neural network is proposed in this paper， drawing on the driver’s experience of emergency braking. First of all， the upper controller is designed. Based on the data of TTC in different emergency braking scenes with different drivers and by using BP neural network algorithm， the prediction model is obtained to calculate the time thresholds of early warning and emergency braking， and with the relative distance and relative speed between front vehicle and ego vehicle and the deceleration of front vehicle as inputs， the desired deceleration of ego vehicle is obtained by fuzzy control rule. Then， the lower controller is designed. By combining the forward control of desired deceleration and the PID backward control of deceleration deviation， the braking pressure in wheel cylinder needed for each wheel is obtained， the wheel lock is prevented by sliding mode control， and the safety， comfort and yaw stability in emergency braking are enhanced. Finally， CCRb， CCRm and CCRs three test scenes are set up in TruckSim to verify the control strategy. The results show that the control strategy proposed can effectively avoid the occurrence of crash and this study provides a theoretical basis for the design and research of the AEB system in tractor-semitrailer combination. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Head Protection of Child on Safety Seat in Side Collision Lü Mengkuan,Xin Yang,Shucai Xu,Binbing Huang,Shaopeng Li,Peng Huo,Yongliang Bian 2021, 43 (9):  1360-1366.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.013 Abstract ( 206 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2405KB) ( 158 )   Save According to the requirements of European child occupant restraint system regulation （ECE R129）， a sled seat restraint system model is established， with a speed curve specified in the regulation applied to simulate the head injury of child occupants on rear-row seat in a side collision accident. Through the sled test of side impact， the effectiveness of the finite element model built is verified. By compression test， the mechanical properties of expanded polypropylene （EPP） with a foaming rate of 30 times are measured and it is determine to use the material card MAT83 with strain rate effect to simulate the mechanical response of EPP headrest under collision conditions. With the 3 ms head acceleration and HPC of child occupants as evaluation indicators， the protective effects on child occupant head of EPP and ordinary materials are comparatively analyzed. The results show that compared with ordinary material， by using EPP headrest， the HPC and 3 ms head acceleration of Q3 dummy model is lowered by 24.9% and 8.1% respectively， effectively reducing the injury of child’s head in car side collision. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on ABS Slip Ratio Control of Vehicle Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control Lei Yuan,Ren He 2021, 43 (9):  1367-1374.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.014 Abstract ( 306 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (1428KB) ( 229 )   Save Aiming at the contradiction between the robustness， complexity and the practical application of the slip rate control， a slip rate control method for ABS based on linear active disturbance rejection control is proposed. Firstly， the dynamic compensation of the ABS model built is linearized.Then， an expanded state observer with the observation bandwidth as parameter and a dynamic compensation controller with the control bandwidth as parameter are designed， and the robustness of the system is enhanced by online estimation and unknown disturbance compensation. Next， the bandwidth coefficient is optimized to achieve the tracking of slip rate with zero steady-state error. Finally， a simulation is carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the linear active disturbance rejection control of ABS slip rate. The results show that the method is not only independent of the model and simple in adjusting parameters， but also has the nature of fault tolerance， and can still effectively track the optimal slip rate even when there are noises or unknown disturbances. The slip rate controller can be affected by the bandwidth of ABS with the occurrence of high-frequency oscillation phenomena， which will be particularly severe on low-adhesion roads. Therefore， sufficient consideration should be given to the effects of actuator bandwidth on ABS slip rate control in designing ABS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Reliability Condition Characteristics of Electronic Brake Booster Based on User Big Data Lihui Zhao,Chi Zhou,Kanfeng Xu,Zhen Wang,Songlin Zheng 2021, 43 (9):  1375-1382.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.015 Abstract ( 248 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (4071KB) ( 366 )   Save Based on the real users' operation data of different regions and vehicle models， the distributions of braking time， braking distance and braking strength are analyzed by extracting the segments of braking conditions. According to bench test data， the relationship between braking strength and operating load is established to achieve the transformation of user operating data to operating load， analyze the damage and damage contribution of typical components under the user's load， and further compare user working conditions with standard working conditions in terms of frequency and damage. The results show that the existing reliability test specifications are hard to effectively reproduce the actual braking level of users， so it is strongly suggested to formulate more rational reliability assessment specifications of electronic brake booster as soon as possible. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Design of Hierarchical Control System for Dual⁃steering of Multi⁃wheel Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles Luming Chen,Zili Liao,Zheng Zhang 2021, 43 (9):  1383-1393.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.016 Abstract ( 245 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (3618KB) ( 245 )   Save To enhance the steering ability of multi?wheel distributed electric drive vehicles in a complex maneuvering environment， a dual?steering system based on direct yaw moment control is designed. The control system adopts a hierarchical structure， with the yaw moment decision layer as the upper layer and driving force distribution layer as the lower layer. In the upper layer of the control system， the road surface is identified based on unscented Kalman filter and recursive least square algorithm. The slip steering ratio is adaptively adjusted according to the vehicle state information and road conditions. Then the dual?steering reference model is determined by the vehicle dynamics model and slip steering ratio. For the control signal jitter caused by the discontinuous characteristics near the sliding surface， the sliding mode control algorithm is improved and the sliding mode conditional integral controller is designed to make the actual yaw rate track the desired yaw rate calculated by the dual steering reference model. In the lower layer of the control system， on the premise of ensuring the vehicle’s total driving force， the generalized target control force demand of the upper layer is allocated to each actuator according to the control allocation rules. The hardware?in?the?loop real?time simulation platform is used to verify the control strategy. The results show that the hierarchical control system can achieve the function of road recognition and vehicle dual?steering well. It can control the vehicle effectively according to different road conditions， reduce the turning radius of the vehicle in the narrow curve area， restrain the chatter and jitter of the vehicle state parameters and motor torque， and improve the steering mobility and high?speed driving stability of the vehicle in small radius driving. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Integrated Control Strategy of a New⁃Type Electronically Controlled Air Suspension System Yingzhao Ma,Tianyi Yan,Yanle Zhao 2021, 43 (9):  1394-1401.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.017 Abstract ( 181 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1832KB) ( 360 )   Save In order to comply with the development trend of electronic and electrical（E/E）architecture centralization of automobile chassis， and to solve the problems of the traditional electronically controlled air suspension system， such as narrow adjustment range of suspension stiffness， poor roll stability and so on， this paper takes a new-type of electronically controlled air suspension system with electric active roll stabilizer as the research object. Firstly， using Matlab/Simulink， the vehicle dynamics model with electronically controlled air suspension and the model of electric active roll stabilizer are built， and the integrated control strategy of the new-type electronically controlled air suspension system based on the model design is developed. Then， a parallel multi-core electronic control unit based on the Infineon 32-bit TC275 control chip is designed， and the off-line simulation and hardware-in-the-loop test are conducted under the conditions of steering wheel angle step input and double lane change. The results show that the integrated control strategy of the new-type electronically controlled air suspension system and the parallel multi-core electronic control unit can effectively improve handling stability and anti-roll performance of the vehicle. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Master⁃Slave Control Method for Torsional Vibration of Electromechanical Transmission System Wei Zhang,Hui Liu,Xun Zhang,Wannian Zhang,Zhen Wang,Pengfei Yan 2021, 43 (9):  1402-1410.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.018 Abstract ( 382 )   HTML ( 79 )   PDF (3448KB) ( 337 )   Save For the impact vibration problem of vehicle high?power electromechanical composite transmission system （EMT） in complex excitation working conditions， such as load fluctuation and engine torque pulsation， a master?slave control method of torsional vibration of EMT is proposed. In this method， the master?slave control strategy is used to establish the coupling constraint between the two driving motors， and the characteristics of EMT system are improved by optimizing the virtual lever coefficient to realize the peak clipping of torsional vibration in low?frequency domain. Firstly， the multi degree of freedom lumped parameter dynamic model of the EMT system is established， and the natural vibration characteristics of the system are analyzed. Secondly， the cascade control architecture of HEV drive control and torsional vibration active suppression is designed. Then the torsional vibration active control algorithm is designed based on the master?slave control algorithm （M?SAC）， and the influence of lever coefficient on the vibration characteristics of the system is analyzed. Finally， the simulation is carried out in MATLAB and it is compared with the optimal modal control algorithm （IMSOC）. The results show that there is a coupling relationship between the master?slave controller parameters and the system mechanical parameters. The master?slave control parameters will change the position of the resonance frequency point of the system， and significantly change the vibration response amplitude of the system. Selecting appropriate control parameters can realize the peak clipping of EMT torsional resonance amplitude， which is of great significance to improve the NVH performance of the EMT. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on Braking Noise Optimization in Low Frequency Range Based on a Pure Electric Vehicle Danhui Zhu,Le Yang,Charles Zhang 2021, 43 (9):  1411-1417.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.09.019 Abstract ( 243 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (3130KB) ( 330 )   Save Due to the comprehensive effect of the characteristics of pure electric vehicle， such as fast acceleration， large mass， high requirements for braking force and large demand for braking heat dissipation， the commonly used ventilated disc brake system will produce a low?frequency noise perceivable from high speed to low speed， which will significantly affect the comfort of passengers in the vehicle. In this paper， the vehicle and system level analysis of this kind of braking noise is carried out and the mechanism hypothesis that the displacement fluctuation of the ventilated disc causes the surface vibration and leads to the interior noise is proposed. The hypothesis is verified by numerical simulation. Then， the key parameters that influence the ventilated disc displacement fluctuation is studied and it shows that the span of heat dissipation rib is the core optimization parameter， and the empirical value of the displacement fluctuation is given. Based on this， the comprehensive optimization solution is put forward， which is verified by simulation， vehicle sample test and subjective evaluation. The results show that the optimized sample can completely solve the problem of braking noise and also the effectiveness of key design parameters are proven， which lays a basis for ventilation disc design and multi parameter optimization of various types of electric vehicles. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics