Table of Content

25 January 2025, Volume 47 Issue 1 Previous Issue   

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A Review of Research on Zoning Control Algorithms for Sound Fields in Vehicles Jiaxiang Zhang,Yansong Wang,Shengming Zhang,Hui Guo,Xiaolong Xie,Ningning Liu 2025, 47 (1):  1-12.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001 Abstract ( 298 )   HTML ( 33 )   PDF (3324KB) ( 379 )   Save In the process of vehicle intelligence， in-vehicle sound field zoning control technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the acoustic experience within the cabin. In this paper， a comprehensive review of in-vehicle sound field zoning control algorithms and their application are provided. Firstly， the background and theoretical basis of the technology are introduced. Then， the development process， control principles， and characteristics of various sound field zoning control algorithms are thoroughly analyzed. Finally， based on the existing research progress， the potential advancements in sound field zoning control technology with regard to reproduction accuracy improvement， algorithm robustness， and sound field uniformity are explored， and a series of challenges limiting the widespread application of the technology in vehicles and the solutions are discussed. The review aims to provide reference for further research on in-vehicle sound field zoning control and to promote widespread application of the technology in the vehicle industry. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Human-Like Decision-Making Based on Sequential Games for Automated Vehicles Considering Subjective Cognition Bing Zhu,Shizheng Jia,Jian Zhao,Jiayi Han,Peixing Zhang,Dongjian Song,Zhicheng Chen 2025, 47 (1):  13-22.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.ep.003 Abstract ( 196 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (3872KB) ( 233 )   Save Uncontrolled intersections are highly dynamic and strongly interactive decision-making scenarios， in which it is a challenging task to enable automated vehicles to make safe and reasonable decisions similar to skilled drivers and pass through the intersections successfully. The subjective attributes of ontology in cognition and decision-making process are fully considered in this paper， and an interactive human-like decision-making method based on sequential games for automated vehicles is proposed. Firstly， the multi-objective driving triggers are deeply explored from multiple dimensions such as traffic efficiency， space margin， ride experience， and driving safety. Further， a game decision-making model is established， which is embedded with personalized and human-like driving characteristics and can match driver and passenger groups with different driving modes and types. On this basis， the concept of sequential priority and the self-perspective decision-making scheme that imitates human logic are proposed to realize self-evolution of sequential patterns of rolling stage game decision-making. Finally， the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through multiple sets of comparative experiments. The results show that the interactive human-like decision-making method proposed in this paper can resolve potential conflicts and deal with safety decision-making problems in a continuous and interactive manner， while improving the naturalized and human-like effect of personalized decision-making of automated vehicles. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Directed Graph-Based Method for Evaluating Similarity in Urban Intersection Scenarios Jiangkun Li,Ruixue Zong,Weiwen Deng,Ying Wang,Juan Ding 2025, 47 (1):  23-34.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.ep.005 Abstract ( 102 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (8207KB) ( 63 )   Save Accurate evaluation of scenario similarity is extremely important for optimizing test scenarios. However， existing trajectory-based evaluation methods fail to adequately capture the complex dynamic interaction characteristics between vehicles at intersections， which affects the accuracy of the evaluation results. To address this problem， in this study a directed graph-based similarity evaluation method for urban intersection scenes is proposed， which quantifies the similarity between scenes by comparing the degree of spatial and temporal matching of the global interaction topologies of vehicles in two scenarios. Firstly， a directed graph is used to characterize the interaction topology between vehicles at each urban intersection. Then， the interaction similarity between different intersection scenarios is estimated by comparing the degree of matching of their directed graph structures. Finally， a dynamic time warping algorithm is used to align the scenarios in the time dimension to effectively compare two test scenario sequences of different lengths. The results of the qualitative analysis of three pairs of typical evaluation cases demonstrate that the method is capable of distinguishing scenes with different similarity levels at a fine-grained level. Furthermore， to quantitatively validate the effectiveness of the method， an ANOVA experiment is conducted to compare scenario similarity with the performance of the autopilot system. The experimental results reveal that the safety and efficiency of the system exhibit significant differences under test conditions with different levels of scenario similarity， thus proving the method's effectiveness. Ultimately， this method is applied to optimize Apollo. Ultimately， this method rformance of the autopilot system. The experimental results reveal that the safety and efficiency of the system exhibit significantd Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ICV Task Offloading and Resource Allocation Based on Hybrid Deep Reinforcement Learning Jiahui Liu,Yuan Zou,Wei Sun,Yihao Meng,Xiaoran Lu,Yuanyuan Li 2025, 47 (1):  35-43.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.004 Abstract ( 107 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2193KB) ( 193 )   Save With the development of Intelligent Connected Vehicle （ICV） technology， ICVs with limited computing resources face the problem of significantly increased computational demand. ICVs can offload tasks to Mobile Edge Computing （MEC） servers via Roadside Units （RSU）. However， the dynamic and complex nature of vehicular networks makes task offloading and resource allocation highly challenging. In this paper， it is proposed to minimize task computing energy consumption by controlling task offloading decision， communication power， and computing resource allocation under environmental and resource constraints. To address the coexistence of discrete and continuous control variables in the problem， a Hybrid Deep Reinforcement Learning （HDRL） algorithm is designed. The algorithm employs the Double Deep Q-Network （DDQN） to generate task offloading decisions and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient （DDPG） to determine communication power and MEC resource allocation. Furthermore， an Improved Prioritized Experience Replay （IPER） mechanism is integrated to evaluate and select actions， outputting the optimal strategy. Simulation results show that the method achieves faster and more stable decision convergence than comparative algorithms， minimizes the energy consumption for task computation offloading， and effectively adapts to changes in the number of ICVs and task sizes， demonstrating high real-time performance and excellent environmental adaptability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Tracking Control Method for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Time-Varying Reference and Steering Delay Zhengcai Yang,Huiquan Zhang,Linhe Ge,Tianjun Sun 2025, 47 (1):  44-54.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.005 Abstract ( 135 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (4980KB) ( 205 )   Save The optimal control method has become the mainstream research and industry deployment method for lateral motion control in autonomous driving. The LQR method is widely used due to its advantages of low online computational load and good real-time performance， but it cannot consider time-varying references and steering delay. The presence of delay can cause the LQR method to lose stability at high speed， so it is essential to solve this problem while maintaining the characteristic of small computational load of LQR. In this paper， under the premise of ensuring real-time performance， the problem of LQR's inability to consider time-varying references and steering delay is solved. By incorporating road curvature as time-varying references， steering delay characteristics as pure delay， and first-order inertial section into the tracking error state equation， and by looking up the KKT inverse matrix part corresponding to the control time domain into the real-time solver， the aim is to reduce computational load and ensure controller real-time performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the constructed EqLPV-MPC controller can effectively handle road curvature changes. Compared to the LQR method， under the condition of dual lane change at a speed of 72 km/h， the lateral error decreases by 39%， with the heading error decreasing by 52%， and the lateral deviation of the center of mass decreasing by 28%. The results from real vehicle tests show that under dual lane change conditions， the controller constructed in this paper can keep the maximum lateral error within 0.1 m. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Semi-Trailer Trajectory Tracking Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control Peng Chen,Yingfeng Cai,Haibo Yuan,Long Chen,Xiaoqiang Sun 2025, 47 (1):  55-66.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.006 Abstract ( 101 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (4560KB) ( 165 )   Save Autonomous commercial semi-trailers can greatly improve trunk logistics efficiency. However， since the semi-trailer vehicle is a typical underdrive system， it is difficult to simultaneously achieve lateral trajectory tracking accuracy of both tractor and trailer under large curvature motion conditions. With the increase of vehicle speed and load， the transfer of the trailer centroid and load intensifies， causing a strong uncertain impact on the hinge point between the tractor and trailer and the deviation of the driving trajectory between the trailer and the tractor to further increase， which increases the trajectory tracking difficulty and affects its driving safety. To enhance the lateral safety of semi-trailer commercial vehicle tractor and trailer， a robust path tracking strategy based on a type-2 fuzzy control algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly， a seven-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the semi-trailer vehicle is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink to accurately simulate the transverse and longitudinal motion dynamics of both tractor and trailer. Secondly， considering the coverage property of the input membership function to system uncertainty in type-2 fuzzy logic control theory， a type-2 fuzzy controller is designed to adjust the lateral tracking accuracy of both tractor and trailer simultaneously. To improve the precision of lateral trajectory tracking control under uncertain factors and reduce the difficulty of controller design， a particle swarm optimization algorithm is utilized to optimize the input membership function parameters of the type-2 fuzzy controller. Finally， vehicle trajectory tracking simulation is conducted under various speed and load conditions using a joint simulation platform of MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim to validate the control strategy proposed in this paper， and the tracking accuracy is compared with those using traditional type-1 fuzzy control and preview control. The results show that the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller can significantly enhance the lateral trajectory tracking accuracy of the tractor and trailer under the condition that track curvature changes with double shifting lines. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Feature Recognition of Crossable Obstacles on Pavement Under Invisible Conditions Hao Li,Haoze Li 2025, 47 (1):  67-76.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007 Abstract ( 95 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4939KB) ( 302 )   Save Focusing on the demand of intelligent driving under non-visual conditions， the millimeter-wave radar with the characteristics that can work all day and is less affected by light and weather is used to build a shape and position feature recognition model of crossable obstacles on the road in this paper. Taking the road speed bump as an example， the road obstacle feature perception system based on millimeter wave radar is constructed. The radar antenna plane faces the ground and has a certain angle with the ground to collect road information. The FFT-CZT two-stage processing structure is used to refine the spectrum of radar intermediate frequency data and to obtain the range value with high accuracy. Then， by analyzing the radar point cloud， the shortest target distance measured in each frame is fused to obtain the two-dimensional imaging of the road deceleration zone. Finally， through the analysis of visual data， the geometric model of road deceleration zone is established， and the calculation method of characteristic parameters of deceleration zone is put forward. A real vehicle-testing platform is established to collect data of different angles between millimeter wave radar and the ground from 0 to 90. The average absolute error of the estimated speed bump height at the included angle of 45 is within 4 mm， and the average absolute error of the estimated width is about 21 mm， which verifies the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Effect of Catalyst Layer/Microporous Layer Interface Design on the PEMFC Guangwei Li,Xue Han,Danmin Xing,Pingwen Ming 2025, 47 (1):  77-84.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.008 Abstract ( 100 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4106KB) ( 140 )   Save In addition to the design and optimization of the catalyst layer （CL）， the interface between CL and the microporous layer （MPL） also needs to be considered for the research of membrane electrode assembly （MEA）. In this paper， three different CL/MPL interface structures are fabricated to verify their effect on PEMFC performance and durability under simulated vehicle operating conditions. The performance test results show that the performance of the MEA sample obtained by introducing Nafion ionomers into the CL/MPL interface （MEA-Nafion） decreases slightly compared with the pristine sample （MEA-0） at high current density， whereas the performance of the MEA sample obtained by introducing Nafion ionomers into the CL/MPL interface followed by hot pressing （MEA-Nafion-HP） is basically the same as that of MEA-0. Specially， the durability test results under simulated vehicle conditions show that the voltage decay rates of MEA-0， MEA-Nafion， and MEA-Nafion-HP samples are 42.3， 29.9 and 15.2 μV/h， respectively. In conclusion， the MEA durability can be greatly improved without affecting performance by optimizing the CL/PEM interface structure design. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Adaptive Sliding Mode Decoupling Control of FC Hydrogen System Zhongwen Zhu,Tanlong Cheng,Weihai Jiang,Dinghua Zhou,Cheng Li,Chuanlong Ji 2025, 47 (1):  85-95.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.009 Abstract ( 103 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (5778KB) ( 134 )   Save An effective control strategy for fuel cell hydrogen systems can improve system dynamic performance and extend service life. In this paper， an adaptive sliding mode decoupling control strategy based on gradient optimization is proposed for circulating pump fuel cell hydrogen systems. Firstly， a fuel cell hydrogen system model is built based on Simulink. Based on this model， a decoupled sliding mode controller is designed to compensate for inaccurate model accuracy while achieving decoupling of flow and pressure. The stability of the feedback control rate is demonstrated through Lyapunov principle. However， sliding mode control has the problem of conflicting dynamic response performance and chattering. In response to this， in this study a gradient descent based sliding mode control parameter adaptive optimization method is further designed， and the system stability under variable loads is improved through a feedforward controller. At the same time， the sliding mode optimization parameter MAP self-learning method iss adopted to solve the gradient optimization delay problem under transient conditions while ensuring the stability of the closed-loop system. The results show that the adaptive sliding mode decoupling controller combined with feedforward designed in this paper has small overshoot， short response time， and high robustness. The maximum pressure difference between the anode and cathode is about 0.01 bar， and the maximum flow supply error is 0.015 g/s， which is capable of quickly responding to changes in hydrogen pressure and flow rate during variable load operation within 0.02 seconds. Compared to that before feedforward correction， the pressure fluctuation during the start-up condition of the fuel cell stack has decreased by 0.122 bar. Under disturbance， the system stability remains good， and the maximum fluctuation of hydrogen pressure is 0.01 bar. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on PEMFC Mechanical-Electrical Coupling Modeling and Electrical Response Under Impact Load Lihai Ren,Lili Chen,Zhenhua Yang,Chengyue Jiang,Qingjiang Zhao,Xi Liu,Yuanzhi Hu 2025, 47 (1):  96-106.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.010 Abstract ( 87 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (6902KB) ( 70 )   Save In order to investigate the electrical response of proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） stack under impact load， and to reveal the mechanical-electrical coupling mechanism of PEMFC stack， the mechanical-electrical coupling modeling method of the PEMFC stack under impact load is studied. A systematic investigation is undertaken to investigate the effect of impact velocity and direction on the electrical response of the PEMFC stack， based on the established mechanical-electrical coupling model of the PEMFC stack. The results show that the proposed method for modeling the mechanical-electrical coupling of the PEMFC stack can accurately simulate the inherent mechanical-electrical coupling characteristics within the PEMFC stack. The ohmic loss of the single cell inside the PEMFC stack increases as the shock load increases. Meanwhile， the impact load results in the formation of additional electrical contact between the gas diffusion layer （GDL） and the ribs of the bipolar plate， which causes a reduction in the average value of the current density on the surface of the GDL and deterioration in the distribution uniformity. This study has certain guiding significance for the modeling of PEMFC mechanical-electrical coupling and the study of electrical response under impact load. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Electric Vehicle Remaining Range Prediction with a Three-Layer Weighted Stacking Model Qin Shi,Weilu Hou,Xiaonan Zhang,Weijiao Wu,Zejia He 2025, 47 (1):  107-116.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.011 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (6273KB) ( 212 )   Save To achieve accurate prediction of electric vehicle remaining range， a method based on a three-layer weighted stacking model for predicting remaining range of electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. By combining the maximal information coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient as criteria for variable evaluation， the minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm is employed to optimize and obtain the input feature set from the candidate features. A three-layer stacking model that incorporates the original training features is then constructed， and Bayesian optimization algorithm is used to determine the weights of the base models within the stacking model. Finally， the input feature set is used to train the three-layer weighted stacking model and realize electric vehicle remaining range prediction. The results show that the proposed three-layer weighted stacking model has high prediction accuracy and， compared to other models， with stronger generalization capabilities. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fast Prediction of Battery Pack Safety Under Side Pole Collision Chenghao Ma,Jonghyeon Shin,Jun Wang,Wenhong Ao,Bobin Xing,Yong Xia 2025, 47 (1):  117-126.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.012 Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (7526KB) ( 100 )   Save In order to conduct more comprehensive safety analysis of electric cars in side pole collision scenarios， in the paper a locally refining scheme is used to build the finite element model of battery pack， which is applied to simulation at both the whole car and the battery pack levels. Based on accident statistics， the side pole collision responses of the car are examined by changing the impact positions， angles and collision speed， including the conditions defined in the national standards. Considering the high cost of the whole car simulation， a parameterized model of battery pack level is established by adjusting collision speed and mass compensation for large-scale side pole collision simulation. A fast prediction model based on the energy method is proposed for battery pack level collision safety， which can predict the deformation and mechanical failure risk in real time under different side pole impact conditions. The model is validated with an average prediction error of 3.22%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Driving Style on Collision Avoidance Parameters in Typical Vehicle-to-Vehicle Collision Scenarios Yong Han,Beiyu Huangfu,Meiting Ye,Di Pan,He Wu,Shuiwen Shen 2025, 47 (1):  127-136.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.013 Abstract ( 98 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2815KB) ( 95 )   Save In order to study the relationship between driver style， collision avoidance parameters and collision avoidance rate in vehicle-vehicle collision accidents to improve driving safety， in the paper five typical scenarios are analyzed by clustering videos of 610 real accidents in the Vehicle-Vehicle Traffic Accident database （VV-TRAVi， Vehicle-Vehicle Traffic Accident database with Video）. Among them， intersections account for the largest proportion， mainly divided into two typical collision scenarios with and without visual obstacles， based on the six-degree-of-freedom driving simulator to dynamically build the above two typical collision scenarios at intersections. Through questionnaire survey， principal component analysis and K-mean clustering， the driving styles are classified into aggressive， normal and cautious， with 60 volunteers of the three driving styles recruited to collect experimental data under the two typical collision scenarios constructed. The collision avoidance parameters under the three styles are extracted from the 92 sets of valid data samples： TTC （time-to-collision）， BRT （braking reaction time）， speed and longitudinal deceleration， and the effect of the three driving styles on the above collision avoidance parameters are analyzed using one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test. The results show that the TTC， BRT， speed and longitudinal deceleration of the three driving styles show significant differences in the two typical collision scenarios with and without visual obstacles. Among them， the mean values （s） of the TTC for the aggressive， normal and cautious styles are 0.54 and 1.21， 0.59 and 1.33， and 1.01 and 2.58， and those of the BRT are 1.12 and 0.9， 1.32 and 1.3， and 1.6 and 1.56， respectively， both of which show a sequential increasing trend； the mean speed （km/h） values are 37.53 and 45.03， 30.37 and 34.93， and 27.62 and 30.37， respectively， and the mean longitudinal deceleration （m/s2） values are 9.38 and 9.13， 6.2 and 5.6， and 3.92 and 3.66， respectively. Both of them show a decreasing trend. The crash avoidance rates of the three driving styles are "Cautious > Normal > Aggressive". The results of the study provide a reference for the development of vehicle crash avoidance strategies that take driving styles into account. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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H2/H∞ Control of Active Suspension Based on IUDE Algorithm Xiaokai Chen,Hongyu Liu,Xiang Liu 2025, 47 (1):  137-148.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014 Abstract ( 101 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (5775KB) ( 125 )   Save High performance active suspension has significant advantages in improving driving experience， and robust control algorithm is an important guarantee for active suspension performance. To solve the problem that the typical robust control algorithms are difficult to achieve effective disturbance estimation and compensation， in this paper， a H2/H∞-H2-IUDE algorithm is proposed to estimate and compensate the disturbance by using IUDE algorithm and introducing in H2 state observer， which improves the robustness compared with H2/H∞ algorithm. Firstly， the model of half vehicle active suspension control systems is established， and the disturbance form is defined. Then， an IUDE algorithm for disturbance estimation and compensation decoupling is proposed， and a H2 state observer is proposed to redesign H2/H∞ algorithm. Finally， simulation analysis is carried out for typical working conditions such as random road surface and speed bump road surface. The results show that， compared to the H2/H∞ algorithm， the proposed algorithm reduces the root mean square values of the vehicle body center vertical acceleration and pitch angle by 7.6% and 5.9%， respectively， under random road conditions， demonstrating a significant improvement in vehicle ride comfort. Meanwhile， the proposed H2 observer can effectively estimate system states. The IUDE algorithm can accurately estimate disturbance， and can avoid the deterioration of suspension dynamic deflection caused by the non-decouple UDE method， which has outstanding characteristics of excellent disturbance estimation and flexible compensation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical Properties of Double-arrow Non-pneumatic Tires Under the Condition of Unstructured Road Ying Zhao,Jibo Hao,Keming Zhou,Jianfeng Hu,Yicheng Wang,Yueqiang Wang 2025, 47 (1):  149-160.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.015 Abstract ( 72 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (13021KB) ( 37 )   Save To deeply investigate dynamic and static mechanical properties of non-pneumatic tires under the condition of unstructured road， double-arrow cellular structure （DACS） with negative Poisson's ratio （NPR） with excellent mechanical properties is embedded into non-pneumatic tires as a novel support structure and double-arrow non-pneumatic tire （DANT） is selected as research object herein. Firstly， finite element models （FEM） of DACS with various gradient densities are developed， and quasi-static compression tests are conducted on DACS samples to verify the accuracy of FEM. Then， FEMs of DANT are established to obtain effect of layer number of double-arrow support structure on static properties of DANT， and influence of structural parameters of support structure on modal and ground properties of DANT are investigated. Finally， dynamic mechanical properties of DANT on unstructured road surfaces are investigated， including steady-state rolling， obstacle traversing， ditch crossing， and soil contact. The results show that the rolling resistance of DANT increases from 11.51 to 241.66 N with increment of radial load from 1 000 to 5 000 N. Meanwhile， a partial detachment of tread and ground come up with the increase of water velocity， and the stress distribution of support structure and the magnitude of contact stresses can be affected by the height and width of the obstacles. The spread and plastic deformation of soil occurs from contact location as soil is subjected to forces of DANT. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Application of Process Integration Design Method for Body-in-White Shock Tower Bo Liu,Kangle Wang,Jian Yang,Yunbo Zeng,Jinsheng Zhang,Shuxun Jiang 2025, 47 (1):  161-167.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.016 Abstract ( 105 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2367KB) ( 355 )   Save Aluminum alloy integrated die-casting technology is an important means to achieve automotive lightweight. In this paper， structure optimization， molding simulation technology， die-casting technology are adopted for "material-structure-process" integrated design and manufacture of shock tower. Firstly， combined with extensive design experience， the three-dimensional data of the shock tower is determined through performance objectives， material selection and structural design. Subsequently， the performance analysis of the shock tower is conducted to ensure that the performance objectives are met， and the mold flow analysis of the temperature and velocity fields is conducted based on the designed mold structure， and optimization measures are proposed. Finally， the parts trial production is carried out to conclude problems and analyze causes， and propose solutions to form the shock tower development process. The study shows that the weight reduction rate of the shock tower reaches 16.5% while meeting the requirements of various performance indexes. The integrated design method is feasible， provides the industry with the ability to analyze the whole process and actual production experience， and enhances the confidence of manufacturers in adopting integrated die-casting technology. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Active Noise Control for Clay Model Side Window Wind Noise Based on LSTM Lina Huang,Dengfeng Wang,Xiaolin Cao,Yang He,Bingtong Huang,Xiaopeng Zhang 2025, 47 (1):  168-177.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.017 Abstract ( 93 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (5138KB) ( 187 )   Save When driving on highways， it's necessary to reduce wind noise in the side window areas of a vehicle. Low-frequency noise control of automobile wind noise can be achieved through Active Noise Control （ANC）. Therefore， an Active Wind Noise Cancellation （AWNC） method for automobile wind noise is proposed in this paper. The suitable input signal of the side window area is selected as the reference signal， which shows good coherence with the target noise in the 100-500 Hz frequency range. Taking a full-scale clay model of the vehicle in a wind tunnel as the research object， the reference signals for wind noise are optimized through the Long Short-Term Memory （LSTM） method. The optimized reference signals are then processed using the FxLMS algorithm for AWNC simulation and validated through hardware dSPACE testing. The results show that the optimized reference signals not only reduce the number of sensors needed， thus saving cost， but also decrease the peak frequency band of wind noise by 5-15 dB. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficiency Optimization of Iron Core Processing Equipment for Adhesive Motor of Electric Vehicle Hailong Cui,Bing Du,Xiudong Huang,Fenghua Liu,Xuedong Liu,Maowei Zhou 2025, 47 (1):  178-186.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018 Abstract ( 69 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (3403KB) ( 188 )   Save With the in-depth implementation of China 's ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ strategy， electric vehicles have developed rapidly. The bonding process of producing drive motor core has attracted more and more attention. In this study， for the problem that the production efficiency is limited due to the uncoordinated rhythm matching of each process in the production process of adhesive iron core， the purpose of reducing production cost and improving production efficiency is achieved by solving the problems of driving device selection and parameter setting of rotary lamination mechanism of adhesive motor core processing equipment. Based on the grey theory， a comprehensive multi-objective optimization method is put forward in this paper， which aims to improve the accuracy of driving device selection and parameter setting of motor core processing equipment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Liquid Sloshing Dynamic Behavior of Hazardous Chemical Liquid Tank Truck on the Medium and Long Wave Undulating Roads Xiaole Wang,Yanchao Guo,Xiaodong Xu,Lei Wang,Baobao Dai,Zhining Zhang,Yang Yang 2025, 47 (1):  187-200.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.019 Abstract ( 72 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (11677KB) ( 55 )   Save To study the impact of undulating road on driving stability of hazardous chemical liquid tank truck， the medium and long wave road models are constructed based on road roughness data. Taking a multi-axles liquid tank truck as the object， a vehicle dynamics model considering the tire deformation and suspension nonlinear characteristics is established. Equivalent mechanical models of the longitudinal and lateral sloshing of the liquid are established， which are coupled with the vehicle dynamics model. Kinetic parameters of the tank on different roads are obtained to excite the forced liquid sloshing model. The results show that the increase in the phase difference between the two sides of the road has an adverse effect on the lateral stability of the truck. The frequency of liquid lateral sloshing decreases with the increase of road wavelength and increases with the rise of liquid filling ratio. When the distance between the tractor saddle and the axle of the semi-trailer is an integer multiple of the road wavelength， there is significant longitudinal liquid sloshing. The oblique wave deflector can suppress lateral liquid sloshing， but the suppression effect is poor when the liquid filling ratio is low under small sloshing conditions. When the truck passes through uneven roads with a low filling ratio， increasing the vehicle speed appropriately can reduce the liquid sloshing. While the filling ratio is high， excessive vehicle speed will lead to a significant increase in liquid sloshing amplitude and wall load， reducing the driving stability of the vehicle. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics