后倾乘员碰撞损伤与防护研究综述

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.ep.004

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving technologies， zero-gravity seat， with occupant comfort as core function， has been equipped in some vehicles. Compared to upright seating， reclined occupants face a higher risk of injury in collision， making the development of crash safety solutions imminent. In this paper， a review of the current research status and development trends regarding the crash safety of reclined occupants is conducted， focusing on injury mechanism， restraint systems， and research tools. The findings are summarized as follows：（1） Injury patterns for reclined occupants differ from those for upright occupants， and the injury mechanism at typical sites such as the lumbar spine and the iliac crest have not been fully clarified. （2） Traditional restraint systems with three-point seat belts as the core， even after improvement and optimization， is still difficult to provide effective overall protection for reclined occupants. Development of new protective means that can reasonably balance submarine and spinal injuries under the integrated active-passive safety system is a key issue in crash protection research for reclined occupants. （3） Crash dummies and human body models （HBMs）， as the primary research and evaluation tools， need to improve their usability and bio-fidelity for reclined conditions.

Key words: intelligent vehicles, zero-gravity seat, reclined occupant, impact injuries, crash protection means

Wenxuan Shen,Rui Dai,Puyuan Tan,Qing Zhou. A Review of Reclined Occupant Crash Injuries and Impact Protection[J].Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(12): 2241-2256.

Figures/Tables 9

References 86

1	SOFIA J， KATARINA B， ANNIKA L. Seating positions and activities in highly automated cars： a qualitative study of future automated driving scenarios［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， Antwerp （Belgium）， F， 2017.
2	ÖSTLING M. Occupant activities and sitting positions in automated vehicles in China and Sweden ［C］. Proceedings of the the ESV Conference， F， 2019.
3	DISSANAIKE S， KAUFMAN R， MACK C D， et al. The effect of reclined seats on mortality in motor vehicle collisions ［J］. Journal of Trauma： Injury， Infection & Critical Care， 2008， 64（3）： 614-619.
4	SINGH S. Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle crash causation survey ［R］. NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis， 2015.
5	MUELLER A S， CICCHINO J B， ZUBY D S. What humanlike errors do autonomous vehicles need to avoid to maximize safety？［J］. Journal of Safety Research， 2020， 75： 310-318.
6	PILET C， VERNET C， MARTIN J L. Estimated crash avoidance with the hypothetical introduction of automated vehicles： a simulation based on experts’ assessment from French in-depth data ［J］. European Transport Research Review， 2021， 13（1）.
7	SUN Z， LIN M， CHEN W， et al. A case study of unavoidable accidents of autonomous vehicles ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2023， 25： 8-13.
8	周青，姬佩君，黄毅，等. 未来交通事故场景中乘员智能保护的挑战与机遇［J］. 汽车安全与节能学报， 2017， 8（4）： 333-350.
	ZHOU Q， JI P， HUANG Y， et al. Challenges and opportunities of smart occupant protection against motor vehicle collision accidents in future traffic environment ［J］. J Automotive Safety and Energy， 2017， 8（4）： 333-350.
9	TANG L， ZHOU Q. A theoretical study of submarining tendency of a hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy［C］. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition， F Nov 13-19， 2009. NEW YORK， 2010.
10	LAMIELLE S， CUNY S， FORET-BRUNO J， et al. Abdominal injury patterns in real frontal crashes： influence of crash conditions， occupant seat and restraint systems ［J］. Annual Proceedings Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine， 2006， 50： 109-124.
11	姬佩君. 均衡约束概念的乘员碰撞保护研究［D］. 北京：清华大学， 2016.
	JI P. Study of uniform occupant restraint system on vehicle crash protection ［D］. Beijing： Tsinghua University， 2016.
12	WILLIAMS J S， KIRKPATRICK J R. Nature of seat belt injuries ［J］. Journal of Trauma， 1971， 11（3）： 207-218.
13	ADOMEIT D， HEGER A. Motion sequence criteria and design proposals for restraint devices in order to avoid unfavorable biomechanic conditions and submarining［C］. Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 1975.
14	HALAND Y， NILSON G. Seat belt pretensioners to avoid the risk of submarining-a study of lap belt slippage factors［C］. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles （ESV）， F， 1991.
15	HORSCH J D， HERING W E. A kinematic analysis of lap belt submarining for test dummies［C］. Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 1989.
16	SONG D， BRUN-CASSAN F， LE COZ J Y， et al. Finite elements simulation of the occupant/belt interaction： chest and pelvis deformation， belt sliding and submarining［C］. Proceedings of the the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 1993.
17	LEUNG Y C， TARRIèRE C， FAYON A， et al. A comparison between part 572 dummy and human subject in the problem of submarining［C］. Proceedings of the the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 1979.
18	LEUNG Y C， TARRIèRE C， LESTRELIN D， et al. Submarining injuries of 3 pt. belted occupants in frontal collisions-description， mechanisms and protection［C］. Proceedings of the the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 1982.
19	WALFISCH G， FAYON A， LEUNG Y C， et al. Synthesis of abdominal injuries in frontal collisions with belt-wearing cadavers compared with injuries sustained by real-life accident victims［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 1979.
20	REED M P， EBERT S M， JONES M L H. Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats ［J］. Traffic Inj Prev， 2019， 20（sup1）： S38-S42.
21	TANG L， ZHENG J， ZHOU Q. Investigation of risk factors affecting injuries in reclining seat under frontal impact ［J］. International Journal of Vehicle Safety， 2020， 11（3）： 247-274.
22	BOYLE K J， REED M P， ZASECK L W， et al. A human modelling study on occupant kinematics in highly reclined seats during frontal crashes［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2019.
23	GEPNER B D， DRAPER D， MROZ K， et al. Comparison of human body models in frontal crashes with reclined seatback［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2019.
24	RAWSKA K， GEPNER B， KULKARNI S， et al. Submarining sensitivity across varied anthropometry in an autonomous driving system environment ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2019， 20： S123-S127.
25	KITAGAWA Y， HAYASHI S， YAMADA K， et al. Occupant kinematics in simulated autonomous driving vehicle collisions： influence of seating position， direction and angle ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2017， 61： 101-155.
26	RAWSKA K， GEPNER B， MOREAU D， et al. Submarining sensitivity across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2020， 21（sup1）： S1-S6.
27	LIN H， GEPNER B， WU T， et al. Effect of seatback recline on occupant model response in frontal crashes［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2018.
28	WIECHEL J， BOLTE J. Response of reclined post mortem human subjects to frontal impact ［C］. SAE Paper 2006-01-0674.
29	URIOT J， MASUDA M， TROSSEILLE X， et al. Reference PMHS sled tests to assess submarining ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2015， 59： 203-223.
30	RICHARDSON R， JAYATHIRTHA M， DONLON J P， et al. Pelvis kinematics and injuries of reclined occupants in frontal impacts［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2020.
31	RICHARDSON R， DONLON J P， JAYATHIRTHA M， et al. Kinematic and injury response of reclined pmhs in frontal impacts ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2020， 64（20S-09）.
32	RICHARDSON R， JAYATHIRTHA M， CHASTAIN K， et al. Thoracolumbar spine kinematics and injuries in frontal impacts with reclined occupants ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2020， 21： S66 - S71.
33	BAUDRIT P， URIOT J， RICHARD O， et al. Investigation of potential injury patterns and occupant kinematics in frontal impact with PMHS in reclined postures ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2022， 66： 1-30.
34	IZUMIYAMA T， NISHIDA N， YAMAGATA H， et al. Analysis of individual variabilities for lumbar and pelvic alignment in highly reclined seating postures and occupant kinematics in a collision［C］. Proceedings of the IROBI， F， 2022.
35	MROZ K， ÖSTLING M， RICHARDSON R， et al. Effect of seat and seat belt characteristics on the lumbar spine and pelvis loading of the safer human body model in reclined postures［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2020.
36	YOGANANDAN N， SOMASUNDARAM K， PINTAR F. Analysis of experimental injuries to obese occupants with different postures in frontal impact ［J］. Accident Analysis and Prevention， 2023， 193： 5.
37	SOMASUNDARAM K， HUMM J R， YOGANANDAN N， et al. Obese occupant response in reclined and upright seated postures in frontal impacts ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2023， 66： 31-68.
38	TROSSEILLE X， PETIT P， URIOT J， et al. Reference PMHS sled tests to assess submarining of the small female ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2018， 62： 93-118.
39	SOMASUNDARAM K， HAUSCHILD H， DRIESSLEIN K， et al. Small female occupant response in reclined and upright seated postures in frontal impacts ［J］. J Biomech Eng-Trans ASME， 2024， 146（3）： 14.
40	SHIN J， DONLON J P， RICHARDSON R， et al. Comparison of thoracolumbar spine kinematics and injuries in reclined frontal impact sled tests between mid-size adult female and male PMHS ［J］. Accident Analysis & Prevention， 2023， 193.
41	UMALE S， KHANDELWAL P， HUMM J， et al. Comparison of small female occupant model responses with experimental data in a reclined posture ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2022， 23（sup1）： S211-S213.
42	GREBONVAL C， TROSSEILLE X， PETIT P， et al. Effects of seat pan and pelvis angles on the occupant response in a reclined position during a frontal crash ［J］. PLoS One， 2021， 16（9）： e0257292.
43	EBRAHEIM N A， HASSAN A， LEE M， et al. Functional anatomy of the lumbar spine ［J］. Seminars in Pain Medicine， 2004， 2（3）： 131-137.
44	JAKOBSSON L， BJöRKLUND M， WESTERLUND A. Thoracolumbar spine injuries in car crashes［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2016.
45	INAMASU J， GUIOT B H. Thoracolumbar junction injuries after motor vehicle collision： are there differences in restrained and nonrestrained front seat occupants？［J］. J Neurosurg Spine， 2007， 7（3）： 311-314.
46	RICHARDS D， CARHART M， RAASCH C， et al. Incidence of thoracic and lumbar spine injuries for restrained occupants in frontal collisions ［J］. Annual proceedings Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine， 2006， 50（50）： 125.
47	SMITH J A， SIEGEL J H， SIDDIQI S Q. Spine and spinal cord injury in motor vehicle crashes： a function of change in velocity and energy dissipation on impact with respect to the direction of crash ［J］. Journal of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery， 2005， 59（1）： 117-131.
48	WANG M， PINTAR F N， MAIMAN D. The continued burden of spine fractures after motor vehicle crashes ［J］. Journal of Neurosurgeryspine Spine， 2009， 10（2）： 86-92.
49	KURTZ S， EDIDIN A. Spine technology handbook - biomechanics of vertebral bone ［M］. Academic Press， 2006.
50	YOGANANDAN N. Accidental injury ［M］. Springer， 2015.
51	HANSSON T H， KELLER T S， PANJABI M M. A study of the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae： effects of tissue characteristics ［J］. Spine， 1987， 12（1）： 56.
52	KOPPERDAHL D L， KEAVENY T M. Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone ［J］. Journal of Biomechanics， 1998， 31（7）： 601-608.
53	SINGER K， EDMONDSTON S， DAY R， et al. Prediction of thoracic and lumbar vertebral body compressive strength： correlations with bone mineral density and vertebral region ［J］. Bone， 1995， 17（2）： 167-174.
54	YOGANANDAN N， PINTAR F， SANCES A， et al. Biomechanical investigations of the human thoracolumbar spine［C］. Proceedings of the SAE International Off-Highway and Powerplant Congress and Exposition， F， 1988. SAE International.
55	BRINCKMANN P， BIGGEMANN M， HILWEG D. Prediction of the compressive strength of human lumbar vertebrae ［J］. Clinical Biomechanics， 1989， 4： iii-iv， 1-27.
56	STEMPER B D， YOGANANDAN N， BAISDEN J L， et al. Rate-dependent fracture characteristics of lumbar vertebral bodies ［J］. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials， 2015， 41： 271-279.
57	JONES D A， GAEWSKY J P， KELLEY M E， et al. Lumbar vertebrae fracture injury risk in finite element reconstruction of CIREN and NASS frontal motor vehicle crashes ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2016， 17（sup1）： 109-115.
58	YOGANANDAN N， ARUN M W J， STEMPER B D. Biomechanics of human thoracolumbar spinal column trauma from vertical impact loading ［J］. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine， 2013， 57： 155-166.
59	杨赛超. 面向智能车辆安全策略的乘员碰撞损伤风险预测研究［D］.北京：清华大学， 2022.
	YANG S. Research on occupant collision injury risk prediction for intelligent vehicle safety strategy ［D］. Beijing： Tsinghua University， 2022.
60	CHASTAIN K， GEPNER B， MOREAU D， et al. Effect of axial compression on stiffness and deformation of human lumbar spine in flexion-extension ［J］. Traffic Inj Prev， 2023， 24（sup1）： S55-S61.
61	TUSHAK S K， DONLONA J P， GEPNERA B D， et al. Failure tolerance of the human lumbar spine in combined compression and flexion loading ［J］. Journal of Biomechanics， 2022， 135： 111051.
62	TUSHAK S K， GEPNER B D， FORMAN J， et al. Human lumbar spine injury risk in dynamic combined compression and flexion loading ［J］. Annals of Biomechanical Engineering， 2022， 51： 1216-1225.
63	TUSHAK S K， GEPNER B D， PIPKORN B， et al. Evaluation of the GHBMC lumbar spine in sub-injurious and injurious loading［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2022.
64	TUSHAK S K， GEPNER B D， PIPKORN B， et al. GHBMC-specific lumbar spine fracture risk prediction considering two different metrics［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2023.
65	唐亮. 汽车座椅靠背后倾工况下的碰撞安全性研究［D］北京：清华大学， 2009.
	TANG L. Study of crash safety of vehicle occupant in reclining seat ［D］. Beijing：Tsinghua University， 2009.
66	黄媛. 考虑乘员状态与碰撞强度影响的乘员约束及损伤响应研究［D］.北京：清华大学， 2020.
	HUANG Y. Study of occupant restraint system and injury response concerning influences of occupant state and crash severity ［D］. Beijing： Tsinghua University， 2020.
67	FORMAN J， HONGNAN L， GEPNER B， et al. Occupant safety in automated vehicles- effect of seatback recline on occupant restraint ［J］. International Journal of Automotive Engineering， 2019， 10（2）： 139-143.
68	JI P J， HUANG Y， ZHOU Q. Mechanisms of using knee bolster to control kinematical motion of occupant in reclined posture for lowering injury risk ［J］. International Journal of Crashworthiness， 2017， 22（4）： 415-424.
69	MACKAY M. Smart seat belts： some population considerations applied to intelligent restraint systems ［C］. SAE Paper 940531.
70	BAUMANN K， SCHONEBURG R， JUSTEN R. The vision of a comprehensive safety concept ［C］. SAE Paper 2001-06-0257.
71	ÖSTLING M， LUNDGREN C， LUBBE N， et al. The influence of a seat track load limiter on lumbar spine compression forces in relaxed， reclined， and upright seating positions： a sled test study using THOR-50M［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2021.
72	ÖSTLING M， LUNDGREN C， LUBBE N， et al. Reducing lumbar spine vertebra fracture risk with an adaptive seat track load limiter ［J］. Frontiers in Future Transportation， 2022， 3： 890117.
73	ÖSTH J， BOHMAN K， JAKOBSSON L. Evaluation of kinematics and restraint interaction when repositioning a driver from a reclined to an upright position prior to frontal impact using active human body model simulations［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2020.
74	PARENT D， CRAIG M， MOORHOUSE K. Biofidelity evaluation of the THOR and hybrid III 50th percentile male frontal impact anthropomorphic test devices［C］. Proceedings of the 61st Stapp Car Crash Conference， F， 2017. The Stapp Association.
75	ALBERT D L， BEEMAN S M， KEMPER A R. Occupant kinematics of the Hybrid III， THOR-M， and postmortem human surrogates under various restraint conditions in full-scale frontal sled tests ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2018， 19： S50-S58.
76	LUET C， TROSSEILLE X， DRAZETIC P， et al. Kinematics and dynamics of the pelvis in the process of submarining using PMHS sled tests ［J］. Stapp Car Crash Journal， 2012， 56： 411-442.
77	URIOT J， POTIER P， BAUDRIT P， et al. Comparison of HII， HIII and THOR dummy responses with respect to PMHS sled tests［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2015.
78	GEPNER B D， PEREZ-RAPELA D， FORMAN J L， et al. Evaluation of GHBMC， THUMS and SAFER human body models in frontal impacts in reclined postures［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2022.
79	SHIN J， DONLON J P， RICHARDSON R， et al. Biofidelity evaluation of the hybrid-III 50th male and the THOR-50M in reclined frontal impact sled tests［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2022.
80	Simcenter madymo human body models manual version 2021.1 ［M］. Siemens Industry Software and Services BV， 2021.
81	TRAN T D， HOLTZ J， MüLLER G， et al. Validation of MADYMO human body model in braking maneuver with highly reclined seatback ［J］. International Journal of Crashworthiness， 2022， 27（6）： 1743-1752.
82	TRAN D， MüLLER G， MüLLER S. The effect of a braking maneuver on the occupant’s kinematics of a highly reclined seating position in a frontal crash ［J］. Traffic Injury Prevention， 2023， 24（4）： 299-306.
83	WANG Z J. Biomechanical responses of the THOR-AV ATD in rear facing test conditions ［J］. SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility， 2022， 4（6）： 2089-2105.
84	WANG Z J， ZASECK L W， REED M P. THOR-AV 50th percentile male biofidelity evaluation in 25° and 45° seatback angle test conditions with a semi-rigid seat［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2022.
85	WANG Z J， RICHARD O， LEBARBé M， et al. Biomechanical responses of THOR-AV in a semi-rigid seat that mimics the front and rear seat of a midsize car［C］. Proceedings of the IRCOBI， F， 2022.
86	TANG J， ZHOU Q， SHEN W， et al. Can we reposition finite element human body model like dummies？［J］. Front Bioeng Biotechnol， 2023， 11： 1176818.

[1]	Xianghao Meng,Ling Niu,Junqiang Xi,Danni Chen,Chao Lü. Risk Prediction of Heterogeneous Traffic Participants Based on Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(9): 1537-1545.
[2]	Jialiang Zhu,Qiaobin Liu,Fan Yang,Lu Yang,Weihua Li. Two-Dimensional Collision Risk Prediction for Intelligent Vehicles Considering the Influence of Heterogeneous Vehicle Types [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(8): 1414-1421.
[3]	Jianping Hao,Yanzhao Su,Zhihua Zhong,Jin Huang. Service-Oriented Architecture and Service Scheduling Mechanism for Intelligent Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(9): 1563-1572.
[4]	Gaoshi Zhao,Long Chen,Yingfeng Cai,Yubo Lian,Hai Wang,Qingchao Liu,Chenglong Teng. Trajectory Prediction Technology Integrating Complex Network and Memory-Augmented Network [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(9): 1608-1616.
[5]	Qihui Hu,Yingfeng Cai,Hai Wang,Long Chen,Zhaozhi Dong,Qingchao Liu. Heterogeneous Multi-object Trajectory Prediction Method Based on Hierarchical Graph Attention [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(8): 1448-1456.
[6]	Shiju Pan, Jianshi Li, Hua Li, Jingtao Lou, Youchun Xu. Path Following Method of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Feedback Pure Tracking Method [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(7): 1134-1144.
[7]	Jun Li, Wei Zhou, Shuang Tang. Lane Change and Obstacle Avoidance Trajectory Planning of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Adaptive Fitting [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(7): 1174-1183.
[8]	Zixian Li,Shiju Pan,Yuan Zhu,Binbing He,Youchun Xu. Semi-active Suspension Control for Intelligent Vehicles Based on State Feedback and Preview Feedforward [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(5): 735-745.
[9]	Shiju Pan,Yongle Li,Zixian Li,Binbing He,Yuan Zhu,Youchun Xu. Path Following Method of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Improved Pure Tracking [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(1): 1-8.
[10]	Wenbo Shao,Jun Li,Yuxin Zhang,Hong Wang. Key Technologies to Ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality for Intelligent Vehicles [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(9): 1289-1304.
[11]	Zihao Wang,Yingfeng Cai,Hai Wang,Long Chen,Xiaoxia Xiong. Surrounding Multi-Target Trajectory Prediction Method Based on Monocular Visual Motion Estimation [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(9): 1318-1326.
[12]	Zewu Deng,Zhaozheng Hu,Zhe Zhou, LiuYulin,Chao Peng. Intelligent Vehicle Positioning by Fusing LiDAR and Double-layer Map Model [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(7): 1018-1026.
[13]	Xinyu Chen,Lijun Qian,Qidong Wang. Eco-driving Control at Signalized Intersections with Consideration of Time Delay [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(7): 960-968.
[14]	Jian Zhao,Dongjian Song,Bing Zhu,Hangzhe Wu,column：Han Jiayi,Yuxiang Liu. Traffic Vehicles Intention Recognition Method Driven by Data and Mechanism Hybrid [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(7): 997-1008.
[15]	Dongjian Song,Bing Zhu,Jian Zhao,Jiayi Han,Yanchen Liu. Human-Like Behavior Decision-Making of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Driving Behavior Generation Mechanism [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(12): 1797-1808.

A Review of Reclined Occupant Crash Injuries and Impact Protection

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 86

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 10