基于联合IHHO算法的车架轻量化研究

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.019

Abstract

Abstract:

An optimization method incorporating the Improved Harris Hawks Optimization （IHHO） algorithm is proposed for the lightweight research of a truss-type snowplow frame. Firstly， a finite element simulation model of the frame is constructed， and its strength， stiffness， and modal characteristics are quantitatively analyzed under various working conditions to determine its strength performance， stiffness performance， and natural frequencies. Subsequently， the Response Surface Methodology is employed， using maximum deformation and maximum stress as response variables， to optimize the cross-sectional dimensions of the frame beams， yielding three sets of optimal solutions. On this foundation， the IHHO algorithm is proposed by improving the HHO algorithm， and the effectiveness of the optimal solutions is verified using the IHHO algorithm. The optimization results show that the overall mass of the frame is reduced by 33.6%， with the maximum deformation decreased by 6.33%， the maximum stress increased by 3.01%， and the first-order modal frequency decreased by 19.48%， effectively avoiding the resonance range. This study provides an efficient and feasible optimization strategy for the lightweight design of truss-type frames. The method demonstrates significant advantages in model construction and obtaining accurate estimation results， offering theoretical references for engineering application in related fields.

Key words: truss frame, lightweighting research, finite element simulation, response surface method, IHHO algorithm

Chunlong Ma,Wenjun Xia,Shengguo Li,Yanyu Guo,Qingyuan Su. Research on Vehicle Frame Lightweight Based on the IHHO Algorithm[J].Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(5): 992-1006.

Figures/Tables 34

References 28

1	金红杰，周忠胜，臧利国，等.基于实测载荷谱的车架结构仿真优化方法及应用［J］.振动与冲击，2023，42（1）：181-189.
	JIN H J， ZHOU Z S， ZANG L G， et al. Simulation and optimization method of vehicle frame structure based on measured load spectrum and its application［J］. Journal of Vibration and Shock， 2023， 42（1）： 181-189.
2	范子杰，桂良进，苏瑞意.汽车轻量化技术的研究与进展［J］.汽车安全与节能学报，2014，5（1）：1-16.
	FAN Z J， GUI L J， SU R Y. Research and development of automotive lightweight technology［J］. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy， 2014， 5（1）： 1-16.
3	赵帅，隰大帅，王世朝，等.FSAE赛车车架的强度和刚度分析［J］.计算机辅助工程，2011，20（4）：53-56.
	ZHAO S， XI D S， WANG S C， et al. Strength and stiffness analysis on FSAE racing car frame［J］. Computer Aided Engineering， 2011， 20（4）： 53-56.
4	ZHANG J， DENG Y， ZHENG B， et al. Lightweight design of low-load electric vehicle frame［J］. Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering， 2020， 21（3）：1-11.
5	MA W Y， LU Y H， WANG P Y， et al. Double optimization design of the formula racing car frame based on the variable density method and the joint variable method［J］. Applied Sciences， 2023， 13： 10155.
6	吴钟鸣，徐礼辉，郭语.小型电动汽车车架的设计与轻量化改进［J］.现代制造工程，2020（4）：77-82.
	WU Z M， XU L K， GUO Y， et al. Design and lightweight improvement of small electric vehicle frame［J］. Modern Manufacturing Engineering， 2020（4）：77-82.
7	于玉真，李伟亮，李励.微型电动汽车车架结构轻量化设计研究［J］.现代制造工程，2019（1）：75-81.
	YU Y Z， LI W L， LI L. Research on lightweight design of the frame structure for micro electric vehicles［J］. Modern Manufacturing Engineering， 2019（1）：75-81.
8	付为刚，程文明，于兰峰，等.正轨箱梁横向肋的竹子结构仿生学设计［J］.西南交通大学学报，2013，48（2）：211-216.
	FU W G， CHENG W M， YU L F， et al. Bionics design of transverse stiffener in the upright rail box girder based on bamboo strucure［J］. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University， 2013，48（2）：211-216.
9	李兴山，乔捷，李明昊.仿生机器鱼框架机构动力学分析与轻量化设计［J］.机械强度，2023，45（5）：1199-1204.
	LI X S， QIAO J， LI H M. Dynamics analysis and light- weight design of bionic robotic fish frame mechanism［J］. Journal of Mechanical Strength， 2023，45（5）：1199-1204.
10	丁友，周洲，刘红军，等.基于基结构法的机翼仿生曲面网格结构设计［J］.西北工业大学学报，2022，40（2）：271-280.
	DING Y， ZHOU Z， LIU H J， et al. Designing bionic surface grid structure with base structure method［J］. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University，2022，40（2）：271-280.
11	张健，谢禹琳.某微型电动商用车车架轻量化优化研究［J］.机电工程，2020，37（3）：283-287.
	ZHANG J， XIE Y L. Optimization of lightweight frame for a micro-electric commercial vehicle［J］.Journal of Mechanical＆Electrical Engineering， 2020，37（3）：283-287.
12	顾方秋，苏小平，缪小冬.某半挂车车架性能分析及结构优化设计［J］.重庆理工大学学报（自然科学），2022，36（7）：94-101.GU F Q， SU X P， MIU X D. Performance analysis and structural optimization design of a semi-trailer frame［J］. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology（Natural Science）， 2022，36（7）：94-101．
13	LIU F， XU Y L， LI M， et al. Optimization of automotive battery pack casing based on equilibrium response surface model and multi-objective particle swarm algorithm［J］. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers，2023，237（6）：1183-1194.
14	XU T， YANG J L， ZHU L L， et al. Lightweight design optimization of nonpneumatic tires under radial-stiffness constraints［J］.Machines，2022，10（10）：889-889.
15	JIANG R C， CI S K， LIU D， et al. A hybrid multi-objective optimization method based on NSGA-II algorithm and entropy weighted TOPSIS for lightweight design of dump truck carriage［J］. Machines， 2021， 9： 156.
16	CHENG L， LIN H B， ZHANG Y L. Optimization design and analysis of mobile pump truck frame using response surface methodology［J］. PLoS ONE， 2023， 18（8）： e0290348.
17	马芳武，王卓君，杨猛，等.汽车后副车架轻量化概念设计方法研究［J］.汽车工程，2021，43（5）：776-783，790.
	MA F W， WANG Z J， YANG M， et al. Research on light-weight conceptual design method of vehicle rear subframe［J］. Automotive Engineering， 2021，43（5）：776-783，790.
18	陈静，崔晓凡，郑晋军，等.基于加点多目标粒子群算法的碳纤维防撞梁优化设计［J］.湖南大学学报（自然科学版），2022，49（8）：21-28.
	CHENG J， CUI X F， ZHENG J J， et al. Optimization design of carbon fiber anti-collision beam based on multi-objective particle swarm with additional points［J］.Journal of Hunan University（Natural Sciences）， 2022，49（8）：21-28.
19	杨海洋，丁娟，蔡珂芳，等.基于粒子群-细菌觅食混合优化算法的汽车碳纤维复合材料地板铺层设计［J］.汽车技术，2024（8）：53-62.
	YANG H Y， DING J， CAI K F， et al. Ply design of automotive carbon fiber composite floor based on PSO-BFO algorithm［J］. Automobile Technology， 2024（8）：53-62.
20	WANG D F， XIE C， LIU Y C， et al. Multi-objective collaborative optimization for the lightweight design of an electric bus body frame［J］. Automotive Innovation， 2020， 3（3）： 250-259.
21	张亮，张继业，李田，等.超高速列车流线型头型多目标优化设计［J］.机械工程学报，2017，53（2）：106-114.
	ZHANG L， ZHANG J Y， LI T， et al.Multi-objective optimization design of the streamlined head shape of super high-speed trains［J］. Journal of Mechanical Engineering， 2017，53（2）：106-114.
22	王万林，徐从昌，王震虎，等.铝合金车体的有限元分析和结构评估方法研究［J］.汽车工程，2019，41（6）：607-614，640.
	WANG W L， XU C C， WANG Z H， et al. A study on finite element analysis and structural assessment method for aluminum-alloy vehicle body［J］. Automotive Engineering，2019，41（6）：607-614，640.
23	徐灏.机械强度设计中的安全系数和许用应力［J］.机械强度，1981（2）：39-45.
	XU H. Safety factor and allowable stress in mechanical strength design［J］. Journal of Mechanical Strength， 1981（2）：39-45.
24	刘长钊，张铁，宋健，等.纯电动汽车电驱动系统耦合动力学研究［J］.汽车工程，2022，44（12）：1896-1909.
	LIU C Z， ZHANG T， SONG J， et al. Study on coupling dynamics of electric drive system of pure electric vehicle［J］. Automotive Engineering， 2022，44（12）：1896-1909.
25	高岳林，杨钦文，王晓峰，等.新型群体智能优化算法综述［J］.郑州大学学报（工学版），2022，43（3）：21-30.
	GAO Y L， YANG Q W， WANG X F， et al. Overview of new swarm intelligent optimization algorithms［J］. Journal of Zhengzhou University（Engineering Science）， 2022，43（3）：21-30.
26	汤安迪，韩统，徐登武，等.混沌精英哈里斯鹰优化算法［J］.计算机应用，2021，41（8）：2265-2272.
	TANG A D， HAN T， XU D W， et al.Chaotic elite Harris hawks optimization algorithm［J］. Journal of Computer Applications，2021，41（8）：2265-2272.
27	GURAGAIN N， BISTA R， NEPAL P， et al.An experimental and numerical investigation on fatigue life cycle of leaf spring［J］.IOP Conference Series：Materials Science and Engineering，2024，1314（1）：012002-012002.
28	荣吉利，李先航，王玺，等.某大型运输车的耐久性虚拟试验研究［J］.北京理工大学学报，2022，42（2）：111-117.
	RONG J L， LI X H， WANG Y， et al. Virtual research on durability of large special freight vehicle［J］.Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology，2022，42（2）：111-117.

载荷名称	载荷/N	载荷方向
动力电池	2 200	-Y轴
增程器	1 500	-Y轴
电机	500	-Y轴
扫雪设备	800	-Y轴与-Z轴45°夹角
破冰设备	1 000	-Y轴
车身与其它硬件	1 800	-Y轴

网格尺寸/mm	网格数量	最大应力值/MPa
6	62 081	77.210
5.5	63 015	80.290
5	86 509	83.635
4.5	119 715	84.114
4	150 185	84.959

工况	左前悬架	右前悬架	左后悬架	右后悬架
弯曲工况	U_y、U_z	U_y、U_z	U_y、U_z	U_y、U_z
扭转工况	U_y = 2000 N	U_x、U_y、U_z	U_x、U_y、U_z	U_x、U_y、U_z

工况	横梁1	横梁2	横梁3	横梁4	横梁5	横梁6	横梁7	纵梁1	纵梁2
弯曲工况	0.083	0.105	0.222	0.479	0.105	0.063	0.119	0.213	0.213
扭转工况	0.256	0.140	0.376	0.631	0.306	0.074	0.097	0.503	0.171

阶数	频率/Hz	振型
1	33.67	绕Z轴扭转
2	45.10	绕X轴弯曲
3	95.49	绕Z轴扭转、绕Y轴弯曲
4	102.11	绕Y轴扭转
5	129.20	绕Y轴弯曲
6	139.49	绕X轴扭转

Research on Vehicle Frame Lightweight Based on the IHHO Algorithm

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 34

References 28

Related Articles 10

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

设计点	P₁/mm	P₂/mm	P₃/mm	P₄/mm	P₅/mm	P₆/MPa	P₇/kg
1	45.000 00	37.500 00	4.500 000	4.500 000	0.068 153	25.927 08	2.511 608
2	40.000 00	37.500 00	4.500 000	4.500 000	0.073 298	26.617 31	2.299 658
3	50.000 00	37.500 00	4.500 000	4.500 000	0.064 142	22.884 94	2.723 558
4	45.000 00	30.000 00	4.500 000	4.500 000	0.109 536	33.127 09	2.352 645
5	45.000 00	45.000 00	4.500 000	4.500 000	0.047 111	21.252 31	2.670 570
6	45.000 00	37.500 00	1.000 000	4.500 000	0.114 233	51.177 94	2.041 785
7	45.000 00	37.500 00	8.000 000	4.500 000	0.058 947	22.239 98	2.981 430
8	45.000 00	37.500 00	4.500 000	1.000 000	0.251 339	110.395 70	1.176 323
9	45.000 00	37.500 00	4.500 000	8.000 000	0.051 753	19.575 74	3.846 893
10	41.478 97	32.218 46	2.035 279	2.035 279	0.197 688	69.763 51	1.065 079
11	48.521 03	32.218 46	2.035 279	2.035 279	0.186 727	65.329 38	1.200 092
12	41.478 97	42.781 54	2.035 279	2.035 279	0.117 786	53.626 58	1.166 338
13	48.521 03	42.781 54	2.035 279	2.035 279	0.115 807	51.325 12	1.301 351
14	41.478 97	32.218 46	6.964 721	2.035 279	0.140 781	55.535 27	1.718 607
15	48.521 03	32.218 46	6.964 721	2.035 279	0.134 392	53.581 65	1.853 620
16	41.478 97	42.781 54	6.964 721	2.035 279	0.076 214	40.636 16	2.065 117
17	48.521 03	42.781 54	6.964 721	2.035 279	0.076 695	40.473 58	2.200 130
18	41.478 97	32.218 46	2.035 279	6.964 721	0.097 660	33.113 56	2.896 660
19	48.521 03	32.218 46	2.035 279	6.964 721	0.088 816	30.660 94	3.358 673
20	41.478 97	42.781 54	2.035 279	6.964 721	0.057 497	23.892 29	2.997 920
21	48.521 03	42.781 54	2.035 279	6.964 721	0.053 193	23.882 78	3.459 933
22	41.478 97	32.218 46	6.964 721	6.964 721	0.074 817	25.168 51	3.321 288
23	48.521 03	32.218 46	6.964 721	6.964 721	0.066 650	21.965 64	3.783 302
24	41.478 97	42.781 54	6.964 721	6.964 721	0.039 220	17.677 10	3.667 798
25	48.521 03	42.781 54	6.964 721	6.964 721	0.035 449	15.562 29	4.129 811

候选点	1	2	3
P₁/ mm	40.093	40.537	40.062
P₂/ mm	44.756	44.965	43.754
P₃/ mm	1.196	1.197	1.256
P₄/ mm	1.204	1.202	1.219

最优通解	1组	2组	3组
P₁/mm	44.830 1	45.051 8	44.691 1
P₂/mm	44.619 6	44.532 3	44.674 6
P₃/mm	1	1	1
P₄/mm	1	1	1

参数	IHHO	NSGA-Ⅱ	变化率
P₁/mm	44.830	45.037	0.46%↓
P₂/mm	44.619	44.638	0.04%↓
P₃/mm	1	1
P₄/mm	1	1
时间/s	0.102	0.421	75.77%↓

参数	原始量	最终量	变化率
质量/kg	50.0	33.2	33.60%↓
最大变形量/mm	0.631	0.591	6.33%↓
最大应力/MPa	142.66	146.96	3.01%↑
1阶模态频率/Hz	33.67	27.11	19.48%↓

[1]	Hengfeng Yin,Dang Lu,Haitao Min,Haidong Wu,Yandong Zhang. Study on the Influence of Inclination Angle on the Mechanical Characteristics of Tire Turn-Slip [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(2): 342-355.
[2]	Chenghao Ma,Jonghyeon Shin,Jun Wang,Wenhong Ao,Bobin Xing,Yong Xia. Fast Prediction of Battery Pack Safety Under Side Pole Collision [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(1): 117-126.
[3]	Shijie Ruan,Hangjie Su,Haiyan Li,Shihai Cui,Lijuan He,Lü Wenle. Injury Assessment of Three-Year-Old Child Occupant in Frontal 100% Overlap Rigid Barrier Crash Test Simulation [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(3): 403-411.
[4]	Dang Lu,Wenhao Yang,Haidong Wu,Nanshi Chen,Jian Cheng,Zhenwei Zhang. Research on High-Accuracy Finite Element Modeling Method for Tire Mechanics Characteristics Simulation [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(10): 1556-1562.
[5]	Shaowei Zhang,Dawei Zhu,Guangzhao Zhai. Prediction on Seat’s Anti-whiplash-injury Performance Based on Deep Learning [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(10): 1600-1608.
[6]	Ying Zhao,Jie Ma,Ye Sang,Kaifeng Wang,Fangwu Ma. Study on In⁃plane Dynamic Performances of Re⁃entrant Hexagonal Cellular Structure with Incomplete Factors [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2021, 43(6): 924-933.
[7]	Shihai Cui,Weisheng Ma,Haiyan Li,Lijuan He,Lü Wenle. Finite Element Analysis on Head Injury of Child Occupants in City Bus [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2021, 43(3): 414-420.
[8]	Yang Jing, Luo Xianfang, He Liange, Tao Wenzhu, Zhao Chao. Lean Burn Engine Retrofit Design and Timing Strategy Optimization [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2020, 42(4): 439-444.
[9]	Xia Lei, Jiang Haobin, Geng Guoqing. A Study on Steady-state Performance of Winding Type Permanent Magnet Coupler in W-ECHPS System of a Heavy Vehicle [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2019, 41(6): 703-710.
[10]	Cui An, Chen Chong, Zhang Shiguang, Yu Duonian, Zhang Han, Sun Wenlong & Hao Yuxing. A Study on Parametric Optimization of PP Core Sandwich Structure and Its Application to Car Body Based on Utility Function Theory [J]. , 2019, 41(3): 354-359.

设计变量	初始值/mm	上限/mm	下限/mm
P₁	48	50	40
P₂	35	45	30
P₃	4	8	1
P₄	5	8	1