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25 April 2022, Volume 44 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Technology Prospects of Carbon Neutrality-oriented New-energy Vehicles and Vehicle-grid Interaction Yifan Wei,Xuebing Han,Languang Lu,Hewu Wang,Jianqiu Li,Minggao Ouyang 2022, 44 (4):  449-464.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.001 Abstract ( 818 )   HTML ( 105 )   PDF (11011KB) ( 1003 )   Save In view of the problem of insufficient flexibly regulating resources the new-type of electricity system faced due to high proportional penetration of renewable energy， a transportation-energy-electricity integrated technology scheme with the new energy vehicle as its core is proposed， coupling energy storage， hydrogen energy and intelligence， with the corresponding technical feasibility， development map and policy suggestion given. The results of predictive calculation show that the interaction between onboard traction battery and electric grid is a distributed short-period energy storage way with high safety， low cost and large scale. In the year of 2040， there will be some 300 million electric vehicles carrying 20 TW·h batteries， in which the flexible adjustable capacity exceeds 10 TW·h， being able to meet the requirements of short-period peak-valley adjustment. The hydrogen energy multi-utilization promoted by hydrogen energy traffic is a long-term concentrated ideal way of energy transformation， the combination of both can meet the daily and seasonal peak adjustment requirements of electricity in 2040 in China， providing forceful supports for achieving double carbon targets. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on Research Progress in Failure Mechanism and Simulation Model of Li-ion Battery Related to Mechanical Abuse Shoutong Liu,Peifeng Huang,Zhonghao Bai 2022, 44 (4):  465-475.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.002 Abstract ( 354 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (3885KB) ( 407 )   Save This paper focuses on the safety research of traction batteries under mechanical abuse. The failure mechanism of Li-ion batteries under mechanical abuse， such as indentation， nail penetration and compression， are summarized and analyzed， and a variety of analysis models currently used for the simulation on battery mechanical abuse are reviewed in detail. Finally， an outlook of future researches on the failure mechanism， the simulation models and the safety design of battery mechanical abuse are given. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Performance Study of a New Type of Thermal Management System for Traction Battery Xiangbing Zeng,Kun Xie,Wei Zhang,Junchao Xu,Peigen Zhang,Zhengming Sun 2022, 44 (4):  476-481.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.003 Abstract ( 355 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (1861KB) ( 535 )   Save In order to enhance the cooling and heating effect and safety of the liquid cooling system and heating system for traction battery， a novel integrated cooling and heating system is designed based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The liquid cooling plate in the system adopts the structure of independent coiled aluminum tube embedded in the aluminum substrate， with four flow subzones designed to suit the discrepant cooling requirements of battery pack and a heating module of thermo-sensitive resistor with positive temperature coefficient is integrated into the system for the rapid heating of battery pack in the condition of low temperature. The results of experiment show that in a cycle of fast charging and high power discharging at an ambient temperature of 40 ℃， the highest temperature of four subzone all lower than 45 ℃， and their temperature difference are all around 1 ℃， and when the ambient temperature falls to -20 ℃， the internal heating scheme can quickly raise the temperature of battery pack from -20 ℃ to the temperature allowing large current charging with an energy consumption 41.4% lower than that with external cycle heating. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure Design of Lithium-ion Battery Cooling System at Different Charging Rates Xiaogang Wu,Mingshan Qi,Jiuyu Du,N. I. Shchurov,A. A. Shtang 2022, 44 (4):  482-494.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.004 Abstract ( 260 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (6800KB) ( 511 )   Save Aiming at the requirements of highest temperature and temperature evenness on lithium-ion battery pack at different charging rates， the thermal model for traction battery is constructed and a simulation is conducted with suppressing the highest temperature and maximum temperature difference as objectives to analyze the effects of the arrangement of liquid cooling plates， flow path design and the position of cooling inlet and outlet on the thermal status of battery pack. The results of simulation show that with the cooling system designed， the highest temperature and maximum temperature difference of battery pack can be controlled at below 35.5 ℃ and 5 ℃ respectively at a charging rate of 2C. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fast Charging Control of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical- thermal Coupling Model Tao Sun,Xia Zheng,Yuejiu Zheng,Yufang Lu,Ke Kuang,Xuebing Han 2022, 44 (4):  495-504.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.005 Abstract ( 222 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (5336KB) ( 352 )   Save The existing electrochemical mechanism models of lithium-ion batteries do not consider the coupling relationship between heat generation and chemical reactions in the fast charging control process. As a result， the model cannot accurately describe the internal reaction and state of the battery. In order to further enhance the predictive ability of the model， it is necessary to couple the heat generation model on the basis of isothermal model. Therefore， a fast charging control model based on electrochemical-thermal coupling is proposed in this paper. Firstly， the parameters of electrochemical-thermal coupling model are classified， various parameter acquisition methods are analyzed， and accurate measurement and parameter identification are performed. The model is built， with its accuracy verified. The results show that the results of terminal voltage， cathode potential and temperature output from the model achieve high accuracy under different thermal conditions， meaning the model is suitable for fast charging simulation in a wide range of temperature. Meanwhile， sensitivity analysis is carried out on the reaction rate constant and ambient temperature parameters in the model. Then， a fast charging control simulation is conducted on the model with PID controller， the charging current is adjusted real-time according to the estimated cathode potential， achieving fast charging current simulation without lithium plating in a wide range of temperature. Finally， the results of model simulation and the comparative verification of constant-current charging indicate that the fast charging strategy proposed enables fast charging of the battery while avoiding the side reaction of lithium deposition. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-ion Battery Based on FFRLS-EKF Joint Algorithm Jinlei Sun,Xin Zou,Haotian Gu,Kai Cui,Jinda Zhu 2022, 44 (4):  505-513.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.006 Abstract ( 195 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (3903KB) ( 251 )   Save In view of the problem of a bit too large error of battery SOC estimation due to the existing SOC estimation method based on the battery model with constant parameters ignores the effects of working conditions and battery model parameters， a SOC joint-estimation method for lithium-ion batteries combining the forgetting factor least squares algorithm （FFRLS） and the extended Kalman filter （EKF） algorithm is proposed in this paper. The method utilizes the FFRLS algorithm to online identify the parameters of battery equivalent circuit model and correct the battery model in real-time first. Then， the EKF algorithm and real-time corrected battery model are used to estimate battery SOC. The experimental results show that the SOC estimation method proposed can effectively reduce the SOC estimation error caused by the variation of battery model parameters. In the experiments of pulse discharging test， pulse charging test and dynamic stress test， the final maximum errors of SOC estimation are 1.01%， 0.87% and 1.59%， respectively. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles with Driving Condition Identification Yong Chen,Changyin Wei,Xiaoyu Li,Yanlin Li,Caixia Liu,Xiaozhe Lin 2022, 44 (4):  514-524.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.007 Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (4550KB) ( 282 )   Save For the problem that the design of the fuzzy energy management strategy is difficult to adapt to complex driving cycles owing to only dependent on expert experience， a fuzzy energy management strategy is proposed for extended-range electric vehicles with working condition identification based on neural network. Firstly， the working condition identification model is designed based on the data of Chinese high truck driving cycle （CHTC-HT） with back propagation neural network optimized by improved genetic algorithm. Subsequently， combining the identified working condition with battery state of charge and vehicle power demand， an adaptive fuzzy energy management strategy is developed to implement optimized energy distribution by real time acquisition of engine output power. Finally， the proposed method has been verified by hardware in the loop test. The results show that the proposed adaptive fuzzy energy management strategy can reduce fuel consumption by 9.67% compared with CD-CS strategy and by 7.84% compared with fuzzy energy management strategy， which effectively improves the fuel economy for extended-range electric vehicles. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Energy Management of Microgrid with Consideration of Taxi Charging Behavior Yu Chen,Xiaogang Wu,Jiuyu Du,Jinlei Sun 2022, 44 (4):  525-534.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.008 Abstract ( 121 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (4762KB) ( 179 )   Save In view of the challenges to the economy and stability of micro-grid’s operation brought about by the uncertainty of renewable energy electricity generation and electric vehicles’ batteries connected to the grid， the economic operation model of micro-grid is constructed in this paper， on the basis of setting different charging scenes with consideration of the uncertainty of photovoltaic electricity generation and taxi charging. A simulation is conducted by adopting the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve out the optimum power output of each distributed power source and the lowest operation cost of system in different charging scenes， with minimizing the total cost of electricity generation in micro-grid as objective， and the power limits of each distributed power source and power balance as constraints. The results of optimization show that comprehensively optimizing the charging behavior can enhance the dispatchability of the isolated micro-grid， reducing the operation cost of the micro-grid by 21.2%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technical Breakthrough of New Generation Fuel Cell System for Winter Olympics Application Environment Chuan Fang,Dian Yuan,Yangbin Shao,Liangfei Xu,Feiqiang Li,Zunyan Hu,Jianqiu Li,Bao Zhou,Wei Dai 2022, 44 (4):  535-544.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.009 Abstract ( 262 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (4515KB) ( 306 )   Save Fuel cell vehicle is an important technical route of new energy vehicles. For the 2022 Winter Olympics application environment， the research on compact integration， durability management and cold-start of fuel cell engine system is carried out to improve its performance and low ambient temperature adaptability. Some fuel cell vehicles have been put into demonstrative operation in Zhangjiakou for nearly three years and have experienced low temperature environment below -20 ℃. Through sampled data， the economy， durability and reliability of fuel cell are analyzed. The experience and improvement measures accumulated in the demonstration operation have laid a foundation for the "hydrogen energy transportation" of 2022 Winter Olympics and the implementation of fuel cell vehicle city cluster demonstrative project. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Durability Enhancement-oriented Electric Control Technology of Automotive Fuel Cell System Yaxiong Wang,Keke Wang,Shunbin Zhong,Hongwen He,Xuechao Wang 2022, 44 (4):  545-559.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.010 Abstract ( 428 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF (2343KB) ( 501 )   Save Fuel cell system durability is one of the technical bottlenecks restricting the development of fuel cell vehicles. Vehicle operating conditions are complicated and varied， the operating parameters of fuel cell system like temperature， humidity and pressure， are difficult to control， and the improper handling may aggravate the decay of battery stack. In this paper， from the standpoint of the electric control of automotive fuel cell system， the effects of the fluctuation of operation conditions and parameters on the performance degradation of fuel cell are analyzed， and the composition， structure， controller hardware， control objective and common control strategies of fuel cell system are presented. It is concluded that the energy distribution and power control by power adjustment and onboard energy storage device， combined with model-based control scheme can better achieve the control of operation parameters such as temperature， humidity and pressure， ensuring the fuel cell working in suitable conditions for extending its service life. Finally， the development trends of electric control on vehicular fuel cell system is summarized and forecasted. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effective Ir Loaded Electrode Based on WO3 Array for PEM Water Electrolysis Guang Jiang,Jun Chi,Dewei Yao,Hongmei Yu,Zhigang Shao,Cong Liu,Likun Yin,Xueqiang Gao 2022, 44 (4):  560-566.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.011 Abstract ( 132 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4042KB) ( 169 )   Save Anode electrode in proton exchange membrane （PEM） water electrolysis suffers a strongly oxidative environment under high cell voltage. At the same time， due to the high price of iridium， developing oxygen evolution electrode with low cost， high activity and stability is facing great challenges. In this paper， iridium catalyst is dispersed on WO3 nano-array by facile operation of impregnation method. The obtained Ir@WO3 electrode shows well activity and huge potential for application in PEM electrolytic water oxygen evolution electrode. By optimizing impregnation amount of iridium precursor， electrode exhibits disordered and porous structure with homogeneous Ir distribution at 0.15 mgIr·cm-2. The related membrane electrode exhibits a single-cell performance of 2.3 A·cm-2 at 2.0 V and tafel slope in mass transfer region of 360 mV·dec-1. This electrode reveals obvious advantages in improving Ir mass activity （15.5 A·gIr-1 at 2.0 V） and reducing mass transfer resistance， whose Ir mass activity is superior to sprayed Ir black electrode. The mentioned preparation method and structure design in this study have certain value to establish the low-cost and high activity PEM water electrolysis electrode. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Review and Prospect of the Modeling of Alkaline Water Electrolysis System for Hydrogen Production Yangyang Li,Xintao Deng,Junjie Gu,Tao Zhang,Bin Guo,Fuyuan Yang,Minggao Ouyang 2022, 44 (4):  567-582.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.012 Abstract ( 1130 )   HTML ( 83 )   PDF (4913KB) ( 2142 )   Save The status quo and prospect of the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production are summed up in this paper with the focus on its modeling. Firstly， various ways of water electrolysis for hydrogen production are comparatively analyzed with the status quo of alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production emphatically expounded： the technology of hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis has the features of low investment cost， long service life and large scale and is an important means to achieve the carbon peak target at current stage. Then， in the aspect of modeling for the alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production， the influencing mechanisms of the energy consumption and gas purity of electrolytic cell as well as the temperature and system control are quantitatively analyzed. This study provides theoretical and technical supports for the development of hydrogen production technology by alkaline water electrolysis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis of DC Bus of Electric Vehicle Drive System Cheng Lin,Jianxia Sun,Yao Xu,Jiang Yi 2022, 44 (4):  583-590.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.013 Abstract ( 238 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (2280KB) ( 254 )   Save In order to improve the dc bus quality of the high voltage system of electric vehicles， the load restriction requirements of the driving system are put forward based on the principle of stability analysis. Based on the impedance analysis method， the source/load side impedance model is established. According to the Middlebrook stability criterion， the stability conditions in the full frequency domain are deduced， and the power restriction for the load connected to the DC bus is clearly defined. Moreover， the system stability improvement by the source/load side impedance matching method is studied， which provides a theoretical basis for system parameters design. Finally， the analysis conclusion is verified by experiments combined with a specific electric vehicle. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Failure Test and Simulation Study of New Energy Vehicle HV-Cable Under Mechanical Loading Yang Zhao,Xiaofei Xu,Hailong Wu,Yulong Ge 2022, 44 (4):  591-600.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.014 Abstract ( 176 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (6433KB) ( 292 )   Save It is increasingly important to study the collision safety of the battery system with the development and popularization of new energy vehicles. As a key part of the high voltage electrical system of new energy vehicle， it is particularly important to study its electrical safety performance under crash condition of the high voltage harness. Based on the typical extrusion load that the HV-cable of the battery system may suffer under the crash conditions， the harness with a diameter of 15.8 mm is selected to design the dynamic and static compression tests under two working conditions of the D5 cylindrical surface and V60 wedge surface. During the test， real-time monitoring of short circuit between the punch and the internal conductor of the harness is conducted， and the tensile and compression tests are carried out on the three component materials of sheath， insulation layer and conductor to calibrate the corresponding material model. Through the harness structure test and component material test， the one component homogenization model of HV-cable and the two-component model of conductor-equivalent insulation layer are calibrated respectively. The results show that there is a strong dynamic effect of HV-cable under mechanical load， and the dynamic mechanical response increases. The short circuit behavior of HV-cable is highly related to the external loading condition and loading speed. The simulation results of the two HV-cable simulation models using element deletion to predict the cable short circuit are basically consistent with the test results， and the two models can accurately predict the short circuit risk under extrusion condition. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Efficiency of Low-voltage Electric System in Battery Electric Vehicles Ximing Cheng,Wei Hu,Jun Zhai,Ronghua Luo,Pan Zhang,Ye Xu 2022, 44 (4):  601-608.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.015 Abstract ( 204 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (2953KB) ( 448 )   Save In order to reduce the energy consumption and extend the driving range of battery electric vehicles， the cause of the poor efficiency of low-voltage electric system is systematically investigated for improving its energy management strategy. Firstly， the efficiency model of the low-voltage system， adapted to longtime fast operation is built by using forward simulation method，in which， the efficiency model of DC/DC converter consists of a first-order inertia loop and an efficiency-interpolation function， while the system control model covers two strategies for floating control and rule control. Then， test bench is constructed to measure the performances of the components and system with model parameters extracted. Finally， both simulation and test are conducted to study the influences of load power， converter efficiency， ambient temperature， battery types， and control strategies on system efficiency. The results show that the system efficiency will fall with the reduction of mean power， the reduction of converter efficiency and the increase of battery inner resistance， and will rise with the shortening of idle period， the improvement of control strategies and the change of battery types， and in light load condition， using rule control can enhance the efficiency of low-voltage electric system by 10%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Economic Cruising Speed Planning of Intelligent Network Connected Electric Vehicle Zhe Zhang,Haitao Ding,Niaona Zhang,Konghui Guo 2022, 44 (4):  609-616.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.016 Abstract ( 222 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (3511KB) ( 301 )   Save On the premise of sufficiently utilizing intelligent traffic environment information， an economical cruising speed planning method based on approximate dynamic programming in rolling distance domain is proposed in this paper， to enable vehicle achieve economic cruise on roads with different slopes， effectively extending the driving range of electric vehicles. Firstly， according to the dynamic traffic environment， the segmented rolling form based on distance domain is designed， and the mapping relationship between vehicle speed and road slope is established. Then， the approximate dynamic programming algorithm with asynchronous parallel network is adopted to rapidly calculate the economic cruising speed with concurrent considerations of safety and traffic efficiency. Finally， a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for intelligent connected vehicle is built to verify the method proposed. The results indicate that compared with traditional constant-speed cruise strategy， the proposed method effectively reduces the energy consumption and extends the driving range of vehicle without increasing its travel time. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prospects of Research on Traction Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Intelligent Battery, Wise Management, and Smart Energy Yanan Wang,Xuebing Han,Languang Lu,Xuning Feng,Jianqiu Li,Minggao Ouyang 2022, 44 (4):  617-637.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.017 Abstract ( 251 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (11764KB) ( 427 )   Save Aiming at the existing key issues and main requirements of traction battery in electric vehicle， the traction battery and its related technologies are reviewed from multi-layers of material science and system science in this paper. The research status quo and development trends of traction battery system in terms of perception， monitoring， management and energy interaction are expounded with focus on intelligent battery， wise management and smart energy three directions， providing references for the multi-dimension comprehensive management of safety， power performance and durability of electric vehicle powertrain and the research on the intelligent interconnection in energy and traffic. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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SiC Power Module Packaging Technologies and Prospects William Cai,Maotong Yang,Yang Liu,Daohui Li 2022, 44 (4):  638-648.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2022.04.018 Abstract ( 527 )   HTML ( 31 )   PDF (5874KB) ( 753 )   Save The integration， high-frequency， and high-efficiency for SiC MOSFET devices set a higher requirement on the packaging form and processes of power module. In this paper， the structural optimization and technological innovations of packaging forms in recent years are summarized， including the influence of the length， width， and number of metal bonding wires of bonded power modules on parasitic inductance， and the effects of the area and height of the ceramic layer in direct bonded copper ceramic substrates on parasitic capacitance， and the achievements in parasitic parameter optimization by using stacked commutation technology. The influences of the thickness and shape of the buffer layer of the double-sided heat dissipation structure on the heat dissipation indicator， stress and deformation are reviewed. The failure mechanism and solving measures of power modules are summed up， providing references for the safe operation of the module. Finally， the requirements and key issues of advanced silver sintering technologies are discussed， with the development direction of sintering packaging technologies and materials forecasted. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics