极端温度冲击下锂离子电池热失控建模及安全边界研究

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.06.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Thermal runaway is a key issue affecting the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Herein， the non-adiabatic environment external temperature impact test platform is established for studying the thermal runaway characteristics of the single battery and battery module of NCM523 batteries and LFP batteries， analyzing the combustion behaviors of different batteries and battery modules in addition to the thermal runaway propagation after forming a module. The three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer-thermal runaway coupling model is established to obtain the law of the thermal runaway triggered by extreme temperature shock under different state of charge and the distance from the heat source and explore boundary conditions for thermal runaway propagation of modules. The results show that reaction onset temperature for anode-electrolyte roughly declines as the SOC decreases， with lower heat generated by the side-reaction. When the distance from the heat source is greater than 150 cm， it is difficult to make the LFP battery thermal runaway in 400s. PMI foam is able to achieve millimetre-level thermal barrier. When its thickness is greater than 3.75mm or thermal conductivity is less than 0.03W/（m·K）， it can effectively inhibit the propagation of thermal runaway.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, state of charge, thermal runaway propagation, numerical simulation

Xiaoyu Li,Shen Zhao,Jun Tian,Songli Zhang,Yanli Zhu. Research on Thermal Runaway Modeling and Safety Boundary of Li-ion Batteries Under Extreme Temperature Shock[J].Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(6): 1022-1036.

Figures/Tables 31

电池材料	$A i$ /s^-1	$E a i$ /（J·mol^-1）	$H i$ /（J·kg^-1）	$W i$ /（kg·m^-3）
SEI膜	1.67×10¹⁵	1.35×10⁵	2.57×10⁵	610
石墨	2.5×10¹³	1.35×10⁵	1.71×10⁶	610
NCM523	6.67×10¹³	1.20×10⁵	3.14×10⁵	122
LFP	1.75×10⁹	1.15×10⁵	1.03×10⁵	121
电解液	2.5×10¹³	2.74×10⁵	1.55×10⁵	407
粘结剂	1.91×10²⁵	2.86×10⁵	1.50×10⁶	81.4

特征参数	定义	阈值
$T 1 e x$	电池开始发生副反应	温升速率超过8 ℃/s
$T 2 e x$	热失控触发温度突增	温升速率超过30 ℃/s
$T 3 e x$	热失控电池最高温度	温度曲线最大值

特征参数	试验值	仿真值	模型预测误差
$T 1 e x$ /℃	435.6	453.1	4.02%
$T 2 e x$ /℃	630.1	526.4	16.50%
$T 3 e x$ /℃	973.6	980.1	0.68%
$t 1$ /s	24.0	31.1	29.60%
$t 2$ /s	47.0	47.1	0.21%
$t 3$ /s	52.0	51.6	0.70%

特征参数	试验值	仿真值	模型预测误差
$T 2 e x$ /℃	650.4	669.2	2.89%
$T 3 e x$ /℃	888.0	876.5	1.30%
$t 2$ /s	10.2	10.7	4.90%
$t 3$ /s	13.0	13.4	3.08%

References 21

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参数	NCM523	LFP
标称电压/V	3.6	3.2
初始质量/g	298.4	470.2
尺寸/mm	163.11×72.03×10.36	177.81×85.00×14.93
1倍率容量/（A·h）	21.81	22.07
内阻/Ω	1.032	0.546

参数	NCM523模组	LFP模组
初始质量/g	1 938.7	3 051.1
尺寸/mm	164.07×74.34×76.84	177.44×87.07×102.12
1倍率容量/（A·h）	44.22	43.97

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Research on Thermal Runaway Modeling and Safety Boundary of Li-ion Batteries Under Extreme Temperature Shock

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References 21

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