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Published by AUTO FAN Magazine Co. Ltd.

Table of Content

    25 May 2021, Volume 43 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Optimal Path Planning for Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Traffic Light and Energy Consumption
    Lin Hu,Denghui Zhou,Jing Huang,Ronghua Du,Xin Zhang
    2021, 43 (5):  641-649.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.001
    Abstract ( 446 )   HTML ( 43 )   PDF (1020KB) ( 524 )   Save

    In order to achieve optimal energy consumption, an optimal path planning algorithm is proposed for electric vehicles considering intersection signal and energy consumption, with minimizing vehicle driving energy consumption as objective. An energy consumption model is established according to the factors of vehicle driving energy consumption and braking energy recovery. Based on the vehicle?road coordination technology, the position and timing information of traffic lights at the intersections of each road segment are obtained in advance, with which an energy?saving driving model for the vehicle passing through the signalized intersection is set up. Based on the conversion probability of traffic light and the energy consumption model of electric vehicle, the traffic flow passing through signalized intersection can be approximately divided into four stages, namely the green light constant speed passing, the uniform acceleration before red light , the red light uniform deceleration and the red light stop and waiting. Combined with the transform probability of traffic lights and the passing through energy consumption in four states, an improved A* algorithm is finally put forward to find the feasible path with the lowest energy consumption, which is then verified on a calculation example. The results show that the method proposed can find the path with optimal energy consumption, saving some 13% energy.

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    Fast Detection Method of Parking Space Occupation Based on Inverse Perspective Mapping with Binocular Cameras
    Hanbiao Xiao,Zhaozheng Hu,Zhe Zhou,Jinxiang Wu
    2021, 43 (5):  650-656.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.002
    Abstract ( 229 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (2184KB) ( 401 )   Save

    This paper proposes a method for fast parking space detection and location based on inverse perspective mapping with binocular cameras. Firstly, the two images captured by binocular camera are projected to the reference plane through back projection to generate two new views, which are called Binocular Inverse Perspective Mapping (BIPM) views. The difference map of the two DBP (BIPM Difference) views can thus be utilized to distinguish objects on the plane or out of the plane. Then, obstacle fast detection is realized by thresholding and filtering the difference map. Meanwhile, the obstacle is localized readily from the reference plane. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed method requires no explicit object detection or 3D reconstruction. It can achieve fast parking space detection and obstacle localization by basic image warping. The proposed method has been verified with actual data collected by the binocular camera of the intelligent vehicle in indoor and outdoor parking lot. The experimental results show that this method can quickly and effectively detect and localize both dynamic and static obstacle objects near the parking space, such as roadblocks, pedestrians, vehicles, ground lockers, etc. The detection speed reaches 18 frames per second (fps), and the recognition accuracy rate is above 95.0%, outperforming existing methods in terms of algorithm efficiency, accuracy and localization precison.

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    Energy Management of Tracked Vehicles Based on Battery Life Prediction Control
    Lijin Han,Hui Liu,Cong Liu,Baoshuai Liu,Cong Zhang
    2021, 43 (5):  657-666.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.003
    Abstract ( 407 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4397KB) ( 306 )   Save

    In order to improve the fuel economy and power performance of series hybrid tracked vehicles in complex driving environment, an energy management strategy based on nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) considering the influence of battery life is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering the influence of different output power on the battery temperature, the second?order RC model, thermoelectric coupling model and life model of the battery are established. Then, based on the second?order RC model of the battery, the prediction model is established to describe the future dynamics of the vehicle front power chain. At the same time, considering the influence of the battery life, an energy management strategy based on the nonlinear model predictive control is designed. A calculation method of conversion factor between power consumption and fuel consumption is proposed to make the conversion factor adaptive to different driving conditions and energy management strategies of the vehicle. Finally, the simulation and hardware in?loop test platform are built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy under three typical working conditions.

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    An Experimental Study on Emissions and Operation Characteristics of a Range Extender Under Charge Sustaining Mode
    Changhui Wang,Zemin Liu,Yanfei Li,Shijin Shuai,Huifang Shao,Yinhui Wang
    2021, 43 (5):  667-674.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.004
    Abstract ( 312 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4535KB) ( 361 )   Save

    The changes of emission characteristics and operation parameters including exhaust temperature, rotational speed, load, coolant temperature and oil temperature of a range?extended hybrid electric vehicle under the charge sustaining mode are tested over the WLTC cycle on a chassis dynamometer. The results show that the warm up and the oil temperature rise of range extender are much faster than those in traditional engine. In the conditions of start and abrupt change in load and speed, the gaseous emissions of range extender increase, and in the first start and the subsequent restarts, the PN emissions of range extender may deteriorate with a trend of its particle size moving from nucleation mode to accumulation mode. During vehicle deceleration by fuel cut?off, the range extender may generate particulates with a concentration of one?order higher of magnitude, and the deterioration of particulate emission in start and deceleration stage is closely related to the oil temperature and thermal state of range extender. Under WLTC cycle, the range extender mostly works on the low speed areas (2 250~2 400 r/min) and a load ranges of 40-60% and 90%-100%. The speed and load of range extender follow a moving trajectory changing with speed range (medium, high and extra?high speed) with certain rule.

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    Optimization of Control Strategy for Hybrid Power System Based on Traffic Information
    Jie Hu,Ming Wang,Di Liu,Fuwu Yan,Kai Cao
    2021, 43 (5):  675-682.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.005
    Abstract ( 158 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3305KB) ( 222 )   Save

    With consideration of the influence of future driving speed and road slope on vehicle power demand, an optimization on the existing energy management strategy of hybrid power source is conducted in this paper based on traffic information fusion. Firstly, the hybrid power simulation model is constructed with MATLAB/Simulink, and based on the traffic congestion situation and driving speed type, a judgment method for the short?term speed changing trend in future is proposed. Then, according to the road slope and speed changing trend, a fuzzy controller, which can automatically correct the output power of ultra?capacitor based on traffic information, is designed. Finally, on the premise of acquiring traffic information and by using the fuzzy controller, an optimization on the energy management strategy based on adaptive wavelet transform?fuzzy control is performed. The results show that the control strategy optimized based on traffic information can further give play to the superiorities of hybrid power source, with its energy consumption reducing by about 2.3% and the battery cycle life extending by about 2.96%.

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    Reinforcement Learning Based Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Multi⁃mode Combustion
    Hao Zhang,Qinhao Fan,Wei Wang,Jin Huang,Zhi Wang
    2021, 43 (5):  683-691.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.006
    Abstract ( 352 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2807KB) ( 332 )   Save

    For hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) of the power split type with HCCI/SI multi?mode combustion, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based energy management strategy is proposed. Firstly, an HEV model is established based on engine bench test and motor finite element analysis (FEA). Then, considering the vehicle as the environment, a ranking prioritized experience replay algorithm is used to train the energy management agent based on deep Q network (DQN). Finally, the performance of the proposed strategy is verified by comparing with the results of the rule?based strategy, adaptive equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (A?ECMS) and dynamic programming under WLTC and NEDC driving cycles. The simulation results show that the DRL based energy management strategy can avoid frequent switching of combustion modes and make full use of HCCI combustion mode at small and medium loads while maintaining the level of SOC. The frequency of combustion mode switching is reduced by 13% or more, and fuel economy is improved over 6%.

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    An Analytical Study of Alignment Parameters and Ground Intersection Offset of Steering Kingpin
    Yiyang Yang,Minsong Xie
    2021, 43 (5):  692-696.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.007
    Abstract ( 586 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1799KB) ( 325 )   Save

    In this paper, an analytical method for the steering kingpin parameters and the offsets of its intersection point with ground surface is proposed, which is suitable for both the suspension with physical kingpin and that with virtual one. First of all, the wheel alignment vectors before and after a micro?rotation are analyzed. Then according to the transforming matrix of spatial rotation and through error correction iteration, the kingpin alignment parameters meeting the requirement of error threshold are solved out. Finally, two vehicles with different types of suspension are analyzed for verification. The well agreement between the real vehicle data and analytical results demonstrates the correctness of the derived analytical method for the steering kingpin parameters and its offsets. Besides, the analytical method can also continuously express the kingpin parameters at different steering angles.

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    Evaluation of Brake Pedal Feeling Based on Subjective and Objective Comprehensive Weighting Method
    Bing Zhu,Wanli Jin,Lun Li,Jian Zhao,Zhicheng Chen,Yihan Zhang,Weinan Li
    2021, 43 (5):  697-704.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.008
    Abstract ( 347 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1377KB) ( 423 )   Save

    The brake pedal feeling directly affects braking safety and driving comfort. In order to accurately and reliably describe the brake pedal feeling of the vehicle, this paper proposes a brake pedal feel evaluation method based on the subjective and objective comprehensive weighting method. Firstly, the subjective scores and objective test data of each evaluation index are obtained through real?vehicle experiments. Then, the hierarchical structure model of brake pedal feeling is built, and the subjective weight is obtained based on the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, the objective weight is obtained based on the entropy method, and the comprehensive weight is obtained based on the subjective and objective comprehensive weighting method. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory is used to obtain the pedal feeling evaluation score and the membership grade of the test car, and the effectiveness of the evaluation results is verified by comparing with the brake feeling index evaluation method. The results show that the brake pedal feeling evaluation system based on the subjective and objective comprehensive weighting method proposed in this paper establishes a unified test condition and subjective scoring standard, which integrates subjective scoring and objective data to achieve a dimensionless and standardized expression of brake pedal feeling evaluation results.

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    Research on Evaluation Method of Driving Range of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle Based on China Automotive Test Cycle
    Zhichao Liu,Tianlei Zheng,Huiming Gong,Xiang Bao,Mengxue Ji
    2021, 43 (5):  705-712.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.009
    Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2294KB) ( 388 )   Save

    There are three main problems in the national standard for battery electric passenger vehicle driving range test, including the inapplicability of test cycles, low test efficiency, and flawed calculation methods. This paper proposes an optimization method of the evaluation method based on the China automotive test cycle and related experimental analysis, and carries out comparative tests before and after the optimization. The results show that after adopting the China automotive test cycle, the average driving range increases by 2.20%. The simplification of the test procedure results in a significant reduction in the net test duration, while the driving range test precision has not changed significantly, only with an average difference of 0.60%. After the optimization of the calculation method, the driving range is no longer affected by the test cycle structure, while the driving range of different phases can be refined at the same time, which is significantly different from the driving range of the whole cycle.

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    Optimization of Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient for a Cabover Truck Considering the Effects of Crosswind
    Yingchao Zhang,Tao Liu,Huinan Cao,Zhe Zhang,Guohua Wang
    2021, 43 (5):  713-720.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.010
    Abstract ( 167 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2801KB) ( 245 )   Save

    In this paper, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of a cabover truck is optimized with consideration of the effects of crosswind. Firstly, a model for the cabover truck is built and simplified, with the weighted drag coefficient, which is obtained based on the distribution probability of crosswind at different deflection angles, as the evaluation indicator of drag reduction optimization. Then with the simplified model as the model for parameter optimization, seven styling parameters of cab and three styling parameters of cargo container are selected as design variables, combined with Latin hypercube sampling, two variants of the design of experiments are proposed: taking the weighted drag coefficient and the drag coefficient without crosswind as the response, respectively, in which 40 samples of cab and 16 samples of cargo container are generated, and a simulation is conducted to obtain the drag coefficients at different deflection angles and hence the weighted drag coefficient. Finally, an optimization is performed by utilizing the Kriging approximation model of Isight platform and using the adaptive simulated annealing optimization algorithm and an optimized scheme for drag reduction is obtained. The results show that the weighted drag coefficient of the optimized cab reduces by 168 counts, equivalent to a falling rate of 21.90%; the weighted drag coefficient of the cargo container reduces by 94 counts, equivalent to a dropping rate of 12.25%, achieving an apparent drag reduction effect.

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    Stability Control of Distributed Driven Electric Vehicle Based on Phase Plane
    Longfei Zhong,Yuhui Peng,Ming Jiang
    2021, 43 (5):  721-729.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.011
    Abstract ( 395 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (4373KB) ( 378 )   Save

    To improve the handling stability of a distributed driven electric vehicle, a driving stability control strategy based on phase plane method is proposed. Firstly, a two degree?of?freedom nonlinear model for vehicle simulation is established to obtain the boundary model of phase plane stability region for vehicle centroid slip angle with different tire?road friction coefficients. Secondly, a regional controller based on the phase plane of centroid sideslip angle is designed to achieve the stability of vehicle. When the vehicle runs in the stability region, the yaw momentum is determined by the fuzzy neural network controller to make the vehicle follow the target variable. When the vehicle runs out of the stability region, the yaw momentum is determined by a combined controller of instability and fuzzy neural network to restore the stability of the vehicle. Finally, by use of Simulink and CarSim software, the stability control method is verified by simulation and on?road experiment under the condition of snaking driving around pile and double line change. The experimental results reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

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    Comparative Study and Prospect of Pedestrian Protection Assessment in Global NCAP
    Haiyan Li,Zhen Yang,Lijuan He,Lü Wenle,Shihai Cui,Shijie Ruan
    2021, 43 (5):  730-738.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.012
    Abstract ( 304 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2967KB) ( 433 )   Save

    New car assessment program (NCAP), as an evaluation mechanism the automotive enterprises and massive consumers highly concern, plays an important role in promoting the research and development of vehicle safety technology. In recent years, a variety of NCAPs in the world constantly make progress in pedestrian protection, and the newly promulgated C?NCAP (2021) proposes a higher requirement on pedestrian protection. In this paper, the way of testing and scoring criteria provisioned in the latest versions of NCAP in China, Europe, Australia, South Korea, Japan, and Latin America are reviewed and comparatively analyzed, with the prospects of evaluation method of pedestrian protection forecast, aiming at providing a comprehensive reference to the research, development and evaluation personnel in automotive enterprises and an important basis for the formulation of the safety standard for vehicle?pedestrian crash in China.

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    Research on the Response of the Elderly Driver’s Lower Limb Model in Frontal Collisions at Different Angles
    Hequan Wu,Jiafei Zhang,Qifan Ren,Lin Hu
    2021, 43 (5):  739-745.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.013
    Abstract ( 360 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (2595KB) ( 212 )   Save

    In order to study the injury of the lower limbs of elderly drivers in traffic accidents, a finite element (FE) model for the elderly lower limb is used to predict the biomechanical response of the elderly lower limbs under different working conditions in this paper. Firstly, the results of the finite element analysis on the elderly lower limb model and the cadaver test are compared, which verifies the validity of the model. Then, the knee joint of the elderly lower limb FE model verified is collided by a cylindrical impactor with a mass of 4.5 kg and a velocity of 4 m/s at different angles between the axis of thigh and the normal of the end surface of impactor in horizontal plane to explore the fracture injury of the knee?thigh?hip complex, and an impact test is also conducted with the same impactor against the knee joint with two different velocities of 3.4 and 4 m/s at an angle of 100°between the thigh and shank. The results show that for the former test, beginning with an angle of γ=-30°between the axis of thigh and the normal of the end surface of impactor, the impact force rises with the increase of the algebra value of the angle and reaches the peak at the angle of γ=+20° and then falls a bit at the final angle of γ=+30°; while for the later test, the impact force becomes larger when the impact velocity increases.

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    Mechanism and Prevention Measures of Post Stumbling Obstruction in Car⁃Guardrail Collision
    Kunmin Zhao,Najie Cui,Dewang Zhao,Daxin Ren,Xianyu Shen
    2021, 43 (5):  746-753.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.014
    Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (3026KB) ( 321 )   Save

    For studying the collision safety in a car?guardrail accident, a finite element model of the corrugated beam guardrail is established in accordance with the national highway guardrail standard, and a car?guardrail collision simulation model is constructed based on a car model. The corrugated beam guardrail is analyzed in terms of the running trajectory and mass acceleration of vehicle and the maximum dynamic deformation and the energy absorbing performance of each part of guardrail, and it is found that the stumbling obstruction of the post to vehicle wheel makes the acceleration of vehicle's mass center exceed the national standard limit, posing a serious threat to the safety of the occupants in the vehicle. The mechanism of the post stumbling obstruction is analyzed, and a filled post and an N?shaped bent post are designed and then verified by simulation to be effective in apparently improving the safety of car?guardrail collision. Finally, orthogonal experiments are adopted to study the influence of the corrugated beam thickness of guardrail and the thickness, spacing and structure of the post on the safety of vehicle?guardrail collision, and an optimal parameter combination is selected. The results of simulation verification show that the optimized guardrail can effectively avoid or reduce the post stumbling obstruction, enhancing the collision safety of guardrails.

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    Multi⁃objective Optimization of Crash Box Filled with Gradient Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure Under Multiple Conditions
    Fangwu Ma,Qiang Wang,Hongyu Liang,Yongfeng Pu
    2021, 43 (5):  754-761.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.015
    Abstract ( 175 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (3698KB) ( 302 )   Save

    In the process of vehicle collision, oblique collision is more common. Through crashworthiness study of the three?dimensional (3D) negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) lattice structure under multiple conditions, it is found that the impact angle has a great impact on the crashworthiness of the 3D NPR lattice structure. As the impact angle increases, the energy absorption value is on a downward trend. The gradient NPR lattice structure is selected as the filling material into the crash box. The wall thickness of the crash box and three gradient thicknesses of inner core are used as design variables. The maximum energy absorption, the minimum peak force, and the mass are adopted as the optimization objectives. The value range of the mass and design variables are regarded as constraints, and multi?objective optimization design is carried out under the multiple conditions based on the multi?island genetic algorithm.The results show that under the condition that the mass and the maximum peak force are basically the same, the comprehensive energy absorption of the crash box filled with NPR structure and the crashworthiness in each impact angle have been greatly improved, which means the optimization effect is obvious.

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    Development Procedure and Verification of AMT Electrical Control System Based on Explicit Control Law Design
    Yifan Cheng,Xuesong Li,Bingzhao Gao,Jinlong Hong,Guoxu Zhang,Hong Chen
    2021, 43 (5):  762-769.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.016
    Abstract ( 180 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2259KB) ( 355 )   Save

    The traditional control method of automated mechanical transmission (AMT) requires complicated parameter calibration for the different operating points of dry clutch with “fast?slow?fast” engagement law, to ensure its performances in all conditions. The control strategies and tools based on advanced control theory provide new ideas for the development of automotive electrical control system. In this paper, a development procedure, including the design of explicit anti?disturbance control law, the development of virtual calibration tool and the road test verification of rapid prototype, etc. is proposed. It optimizes the development procedure of AMT electrical control system, reduces the calibration workload in engineering application aspect and realizes the engineering application of advanced control theory in the development of automotive electrical control system.

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    Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Steering Wheel Torque in Integrated Electric⁃Hydraulic Steering System
    Shuai Wang,Guobiao Shi,Hongquan Zhang,Chengyun Ju,Donggang Sang
    2021, 43 (5):  770-775.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.017
    Abstract ( 148 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1411KB) ( 302 )   Save

    Aiming at the poor road feel of integrated electro?hydraulic steering (IEHS) system in commercial vehicles caused by nonlinearity, time?varying parameters and exterior interference etc., an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy for IEHS system is proposed with the ideal steering wheel torque as the target. On the basis of analyzing structure principle, a mathematical model for the system is built, and according to the steering performance requirements of commercial vehicles, the ideal steering wheel torque of driver is determined based on the speed and lateral acceleration, and with which as the control target, the ADRC control is adopted to track the target hand force. A comparative simulation on the proposed strategy with different disturbances applied and PID control is conducted. The results show that the ADRC algorithm proposed can well track the steering wheel torque with higher disturbance resistance capability than PID control, so effectively enhancing the robustness of closed?loop tracking control for steering wheel torque.

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    Research on Lightweight Conceptual Design Method of Vehicle Rear Subframe
    Fangwu Ma,Zhuojun Wang,Meng Yang,Hongyu Liang,Zhenjiang Wu,Yongfeng Pu
    2021, 43 (5):  776-783.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.018
    Abstract ( 266 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF (2462KB) ( 450 )   Save

    In the conceptual design stage of automotive structure, an integrated structure?material?performance optimization is achieved by combining topology optimization technology and parametric modeling with the section shape control method introduced in this paper. Firstly, a comprehensive objective topology optimization is conducted on rear subframe. Secondly, an implicit parametric model of rear subframe is constructed, and by adopting the cross?sectional shape control method, 36 parameters such as part shape, position, thickness and material etc. are selected as design variables, a multi?objective optimization is carried out on the model topologically optimized, with minimizing mass and maximizing the first?order modal frequency as objectives and the hard?points stiffness and the first?three?order modal frequencies as constraints. The results show that on the premise of meeting the performance objective of rear subframe, its mass reduces by 2.41 kg, achieving a lightweighting rate of 14.5%.

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    Experimental Study on Vehicle Dynamic and Static Leak Noises at Different Sealing Positions Based on Tape Sealing Method
    Zhigang Yang,Liqi Peng,Zhe Shen,Li Chen
    2021, 43 (5):  784-790.  doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2021.05.019
    Abstract ( 149 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2204KB) ( 297 )   Save

    In this paper, the generation mechanisms of vehicle leak noise and its research methods are summarized, and the dynamic wind tunnel interior?noise test and static body sound?insulation test are carried out respectively on the test vehicle. During the tests, the tape sealing method is used to analyze the contributions of seals in different positions, including doors, side windows, skylights and windshield etc., to the dynamic and static leak noise was analyzed, and the leak noises generated by different mechanisms are separated. The results show that cavity noise and aspiration noise are the main components of vehicle leak noise, and active seal structure has greater contributions to the leak noise.

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