汽车工程 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1022-1036.doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.06.002

• • 上一篇    

极端温度冲击下锂离子电池热失控建模及安全边界研究

李晓宇1,赵深1,田君2,张松立3,朱艳丽3()   

  1. 1.河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津 300401
    2.中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
    3.北京理工大学,爆炸科学技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22 修回日期:2025-01-06 出版日期:2025-06-25 发布日期:2025-06-20
  • 通讯作者: 朱艳丽 E-mail:zhuyanli1999@bit.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    第二十七届中国科协年会学术论文。国家自然科学基金(52202465);河北省优秀青年自然科学基金(E2023202007);中国博士后科学基金(2023M741452)

Research on Thermal Runaway Modeling and Safety Boundary of Li-ion Batteries Under Extreme Temperature Shock

Xiaoyu Li1,Shen Zhao1,Jun Tian2,Songli Zhang3,Yanli Zhu3()   

  1. 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300401
    2.China North Vehicle Research Institute,Beijing 100072
    3.Beijing Institute of Technology,State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection,Beijing 100081
  • Received:2024-11-22 Revised:2025-01-06 Online:2025-06-25 Published:2025-06-20
  • Contact: Yanli Zhu E-mail:zhuyanli1999@bit.edu.cn

摘要:

热失控是影响锂离子电池安全使用的关键问题,本研究通过搭建非绝热环境外部极端温度冲击试验,对比研究三元镍钴锰锂电池和磷酸铁锂电池的单体及电池模组热失控特性,分析了不同单体电池和电池模组的燃烧行为及其成组后的热失控蔓延情况,构建了三维共轭传热-热失控耦合模型,探究了不同荷电状态和电池离热源距离对高温诱发电池热失控的影响规律及模组热失控蔓延的边界条件。结果表明,电池荷电状态越低正极-电解液副反应起始温度越低,副反应产热越小,热源距离大于150 cm时在400 s内难以使LFP电池热失控,PMI泡沫可以实现毫米级别的热阻隔,当其厚度大于3.75 mm或导热系数小于0.03 W/(m·K)时可以有效抑制热失控蔓延。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 荷电状态, 热失控蔓延, 数值仿真

Abstract:

Thermal runaway is a key issue affecting the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, the non-adiabatic environment external temperature impact test platform is established for studying the thermal runaway characteristics of the single battery and battery module of NCM523 batteries and LFP batteries, analyzing the combustion behaviors of different batteries and battery modules in addition to the thermal runaway propagation after forming a module. The three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer-thermal runaway coupling model is established to obtain the law of the thermal runaway triggered by extreme temperature shock under different state of charge and the distance from the heat source and explore boundary conditions for thermal runaway propagation of modules. The results show that reaction onset temperature for anode-electrolyte roughly declines as the SOC decreases, with lower heat generated by the side-reaction. When the distance from the heat source is greater than 150 cm, it is difficult to make the LFP battery thermal runaway in 400s. PMI foam is able to achieve millimetre-level thermal barrier. When its thickness is greater than 3.75mm or thermal conductivity is less than 0.03W/(m·K) , it can effectively inhibit the propagation of thermal runaway.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, state of charge, thermal runaway propagation, numerical simulation