电动车辆动力电池安全预警策略研究综述

doi:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.08.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动力电池安全问题已经成为制约电动车辆发展的关键要素。准确及时的电池安全预警可以保障乘员生命财产安全以及提升电动车辆安全水平。本文对电动车辆电池安全预警策略进行了全面综述。首先，综述了电池安全状态的定义，并提出了本综述框架；之后，详细梳理了电池安全特征与安全影响因素分析、电池建模方法、电池安全风险评估/预测方法，总结了各类方法的优缺点；最后，总结了目前的进展与不足，提出了电动车辆动力电池安全预警技术发展趋势，并阐述了新型传感器技术、多因素融合的电池安全预警方法和“端-边-云”融合的电池安全预警体系。本综述为电动车辆动力电池安全预警策略的进一步研究提供参考。

关键词: 电动车辆, 动力电池, 安全预警, 安全风险评估, 电池建模

Abstract:

Battery safety has become an important issue restricting the development of electric vehicles. Accurate and timely battery safety warning can ensure the safety of occupants' life and property and improve the safety level of electric vehicles. A comprehensive review on the battery safety warning strategies in electric vehicles is conducted in this paper. Firstly， the definition of battery safety state is reviewed， and the framework of this review is proposed. Then， the battery safety characteristics and safety influencing factors analysis， battery-modeling methods， battery safety risk assessment/prediction methods are reviewed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are summarized. Finally， the achievements and deficiencies of existing researches are summarized， and the development trend of battery safety warning technology in electric vehicle is proposed， including the new sensor technology， multi-factor integrated battery safety warning method and "terminal-side-cloud " battery safety warning system. This review provides a reference for further research on the safety warning strategy of electric vehicle battery.

Key words: electric vehicle, power battery, safety warning, safety risk assessment, battery modelling

李达,邓钧君,张照生,刘鹏,王震坡. 电动车辆动力电池安全预警策略研究综述[J]. 汽车工程, 2023, 45(8): 1392-1407.

Da Li,Junjun Deng,Zhaosheng Zhang,Peng Liu,Zhenpo Wang. Review on Power Battery Safety Warning Strategy in Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(8): 1392-1407.

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等级	描述	电池安全问题严重性分类标准
0	正常	没有效果。不会丧失功能。
1	可逆的功能性损伤	没有缺陷；无渗漏；无产气、无着火、无火焰；没有破裂；没有爆炸；没有放热反应或热失控。电池功能暂时丧失。需要复位保护装置。
2	不可逆损伤	无渗漏；无产气、无着火、无火焰；没有破裂；没有爆炸；没有放热反应或热失控。不可逆损害。需要修理。
3	泄漏	无产气、无着火、无火焰；没有破裂；没有爆炸。电解质质量减轻<50%。轻微烟雾（电解质=溶剂+盐）。
4	产气	无着火、无火焰；没有破裂；没有爆炸。电解质质量减轻≥50%。浓烟（电解质=溶剂+盐）。
5	着火或火焰	没有破裂；没有爆炸。
6	破裂	没有爆炸。电池可能分解，但速度很慢，没有高热量或高动能的飞行部件。
7	爆炸	爆炸（即在具有外部破坏性的热力和动能的作用下，电池解体）。暴露出超过职业安全与健康标准限制的有毒物质。

分类	参数项	含义
外部参数	端电压	电池正负两极之间的电压
	表面温度	电池在使用时由于内部结构发生化学反应、电子迁移等原因而导致电池表面发热的现象
	电流	单位时间里通过导体任一横截面的电量
内部参数	内阻	电池在工作时，电流流过电池内部所受到的阻力，包括欧姆内阻和极化内阻
	内部温度	电池在使用时由于内部结构发生化学反应、电子迁移等原因而导致电池内部发热的现象
	容量	电池存储电量的大小
	荷电状态	电池使用一段时间或长期搁置不用后的剩余容量与其完全充电状态的容量的比值

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